Table 2.
Yogurt intake and subsequent risk of major CHD, stroke, and CABG in 2 cohorts
| Risk of major CHD | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS | HPFS | |||||||
| Yogurt intakea | Cases | IR | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)b | Cases | IR | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)b |
| <1/month | 961 | 303 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 705 | 634 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1/month–<1/week | 334 | 228 | 0.79 (0.70–0.90) | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | 197 | 516 | 0.91 (0.77–1.06) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) |
| 1–<2/week | 252 | 199 | 0.69 (0.60–0.79) | 0.75 (0.65–0.87) | 134 | 530 | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) |
| ≥2/week | 217 | 177 | 0.64 (0.55–0.75) | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | 96 | 481 | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.81 (0.65–1.02) |
| P for linear trendc | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.06 | ||||
| NHS | HPFS | |||||||
| Risk of stroke | ||||||||
| <1/month | 848 | 268 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 349 | 313 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1/month–<1/week | 337 | 230 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 86 | 224 | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) | 0.85 (0.67–1.08) |
| 1–<2/week | 302 | 239 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 40 | 158 | 0.54 (0.39–0.76) | 0.58 (0.41–0.81) |
| ≥2/week | 262 | 214 | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 42 | 210 | 0.71 (0.51–0.98) | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) |
| P for linear trendc | <0.01 | 0.44 | <0.01 | 0.04 | ||||
| Meta-analysis | ||||||||
| Risk of major CHD | Risk of stroke | |||||||
| <1/month | 1,666 | 389 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1,197 | 280 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1/month–<1/week | 531 | 287 | 0.83 (0.76–0.92) | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) | 423 | 229 | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) |
| 1–<2/week | 386 | 254 | 0.76 (0.68–0.85) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 342 | 225 | 0.82 (0.72–0.92) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) |
| ≥2/week | 313 | 219 | 0.69 (0.61–0.78) | 0.74 (0.65–0.84) | 304 | 213 | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) |
| P for linear trendc | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.12 | ||||
| I 2 | 69.0 | 30.2 | 63.7 | 69.4 | ||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CHD, Coronary Heart Disease; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HBP, high blood pressure; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; HR, hazard ratio; IR, incidence rate per 100,000 person-years; MI, myocardial infarction; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
aCumulative average of yogurt intake was calculated from first report of HBP up to the first of the following events: CVD diagnosis, lost to follow up, death, end of study.
bAdjusted for age, race, smoking (defined as never, past, current with 1–14 cigs/day, current with 15–24 c/day, 25+ c/day), family history of MI, physical activity (continuous from baseline), BMI, BP-lowering medication use, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, trans fatty acids, fiber, milk, and cheese.
cLinear trend across yogurt intake categories was quantified with a Wald test for linear trend by assigning the median value to each category and modeling it as a continuous variable.