Table 4.
Associations between independent and combined yogurt intake and DASH diet scores with risk of CVD
| Risk of major CHD | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS | HPFS | |||||||
| Yogurt/DASH diet scorea | Cases | IR | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)b | Cases | IR | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Multivariable HR (95% CI)b |
| Low/low | 963 | 263 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 595 | 591 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low/high | 584 | 261 | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 0.96 (0.86–1.07) | 379 | 606 | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) |
| High/low | 90 | 174 | 0.74 (0.60–0.92) | 0.78 (0.62–0.97) | 69 | 551 | 1.01 (0.78–1.29) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) |
| High/high | 127 | 179 | 0.65 (0.54–0.79) | 0.75 (0.61–0.91) | 89 | 471 | 0.70 (0.56–0.87) | 0.73 (0.58–0.93) |
| Risk of stroke | ||||||||
| NHS | HPFS | |||||||
| Low/low | 907 | 248 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 268 | 266 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low/high | 580 | 259 | 0.87 (0.79–0.97) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 187 | 298 | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) |
| High/low | 114 | 221 | 0.95 (0.78–1.16) | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) | 26 | 207 | 0.85 (0.56–1.27) | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) |
| High/high | 148 | 208 | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 36 | 190 | 0.61 (0.43–0.87) | 0.63 (0.44–0.91) |
| Risk of major CHD or stroke | ||||||||
| NHS | HPFS | |||||||
| Low/low | 1,854 | 508 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 841 | 840 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low/high | 1,142 | 512 | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 554 | 890 | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) |
| High/low | 202 | 393 | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.90 (0.77–1.04) | 93 | 746 | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) |
| High/high | 277 | 391 | 0.72 (0.63–0.81) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 122 | 649 | 0.67 (0.55–0.81) | 0.70 (0.57–0.85) |
| Meta-analysis | ||||||||
| Risk of major CHD | Risk of stroke | |||||||
| Low/low | 1,558 | 333 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1,175 | 251 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low/high | 963 | 336 | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 767 | 268 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) |
| High/low | 159 | 248 | 0.84 (0.72–1.00) | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 140 | 218 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) |
| High/high | 216 | 240 | 0.67 (0.58–0.77) | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | 184 | 204 | 0.73 (0.62–0.85) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) |
| Risk of major CHD or stroke | ||||||||
| Low/low | 2,695 | 579 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Low/high | 1,696 | 595 | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | ||||
| High/low | 295 | 462 | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | ||||
| High/high | 399 | 445 | 0.70 (0.63–0.78) | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | ||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; HBP, high blood pressure; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; HR, hazard ratio; IR, incidence rate per 100,000 person-years; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.
aCumulative average of yogurt intake was calculated from first report of HBP up to the first of the following events: CVD diagnosis, lost to follow up, death, end of study. Yogurt cutpoints are <2/week (low), ≥2/week (high) in NHS; <1/week (low), and ≥1/week (high) in HPFS. DASH diet score cutpoints are <25 (low) and ≥25 (high) in both cohorts.
bAdjusted for age, race, smoking (defined as never, past, current with 1–14 cigs/day, current with 15–24 c/day, 25+ c/day), family history of MI, physical activity (continuous from baseline), BMI, BP-lowering medication use, and intakes of total energy, alcohol, trans fatty acids, fiber, milk, and cheese.