. 2018 Apr 13;13:1167–1175. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S158818

Table 3.

Risk factors for lung cancer

	Univariate analysis			Logistic regression^@

	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
COPD	2.56	2.23–2.95	<0.001	2.88	2.48–3.34	<0.001^a
COPD grading	2.06	1.84–2.29	<0.001	2.24	1.99–2.51	<0.001^b
Emphysema-predominant COPD	3.72	2.41–5.75	<0.001	4.43	2.85–6.88	<0.001^c
Non-emphysema-predominant COPD	2.51	2.15–2.93	<0.001	2.82	2.40–3.31	<0.001^d
Age	1.01	0.99–1.01	0.110	1.00	0.99–1.00	0.605^a
BMI	1.07	1.05–1.09	<0.001	1.08	1.06–1.11	<0.001^a
Sex	1.14	0.99–1.31	0.059	1.32	1.12–1.56	0.001^a
Smoking status	0.98	0.87–1.10	0.735	1.00	0.87–1.15	0.988^a

Notes:

There were four multivariable logistic regression models: COPD (dichotomous, referent non-COPD), COPD grading (continuous, increase), emphysema-predominant COPD phenotype (dichotomous, referent non-COPD), and non-emphysema-predominant COPD phenotype (dichotomous, referent non-COPD) distributed in models 1–4, respectively. Age (continuous, increase), BMI (continuous, increase), sex (dichotomous, referent male) and smoking status (dichotomous, referent nonsmoking) were common variables of models 1–4,^a model 1,^b model 2,^c model 3,^d and model 4.

Abbreviation: BMI, body-mass index.