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. 2018 Apr 13;13:1145–1155. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S153326

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Cytokine secretion in BALF.

Notes: BALF was assayed by ELISA. COPD patients and smoker groups showed significantly higher levels of IL-8 (A) and TNF-α (B) compared with the nonsmoker group, especially COPD group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=30; Compared with nonsmoker group, *p<0.05, **p<0.01,****p<0.0001; Compared with COPD group, ##p<0.01, ####p<0.0001).

Abbreviations: BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SEM, standard error of the mean; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.