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. 2018 Apr 1;24(2):144–154. doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0294

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

The mechanisms of PEMF for cartilage regeneration. PEMF upregulates the expression of TGF and BMPs to increase cell proliferation, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis. PEMF inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines through adenosine receptors A2A and A3. BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins.