Table 3.
Changes in Anthropometric Measurements, Bioimpedance Parameters, and Blood Lipid Profiles from Baseline to Week 20
| Almond (n = 57) | Control (n = 28) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Baseline | Week 20 | P1b | Baseline | Week 20 | P2 | Almond changes from baseline | Control changes from baseline | P3 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.58 ± 13.7a | 124.79 ± 16.03 | .793 | 126.29 ± 16.53 | 128.68 ± 13.33 | .041 | 0.21 ± 12.11 | 2.39 ± 12.27 | .121 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.65 ± 8.59 | 73.26 ± 9.02 | .008 | 74.61 ± 14.16 | 75.14 ± 10.8 | .574 | −1.39 ± 7.84 | 0.54 ± 10.04 | .077 |
| Waist (cm) | 76.81 ± 9.15 | 75.70 ± 9.10 | <.0001 | 74.61 ± 8.23 | 74.36 ± 7.56 | .531 | −1.11 ± 3.45 | −0.25 ± 4.21 | .064 |
| Hip (cm) | 97.68 ± 6.26 | 97.33 ± 5.79 | .077 | 95.68 ± 5.87 | 95.64 ± 5.94 | .894 | −0.35 ± 2.98 | −0.04 ± 2.83 | .353 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.48 ± 13.12 | 65.01 ± 13.03 | .002 | 62.27 ± 11.6 | 63.34 ± 12.09 | <.0001 | 0.53 ± 2.55 | 1.07 ± 2.19 | .058 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.00 ± 3.15 | 23.20 ± 3.30 | .002 | 21.66 ± 3.04 | 21.98 ± 3.04 | <.0001 | 0.2 ± 0.95 | 0.31 ± 0.77 | .224 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 178.09 ± 29.87 | 160.33 ± 27.92 | <.0001 | 163.48 ± 31.37 | 155.48 ± 28.78 | <.0001 | −17.76 ± 21.36 | −8 ± 17.57 | <.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 57.48 ± 12.38 | 53.15 ± 11.85 | <.0001 | 62.22 ± 16.2 | 60.74 ± 12.06 | .214 | −4.33 ± 8.83 | −1.48 ± 12.31 | .033 |
| TC:HDL-C | 3.27 ± 1.07 | 3.19 ± 1.03 | .048 | 2.77 ± 0.81 | 2.63 ± 0.57 | .001 | −0.08 ± 0.59 | −0.14 ± 0.42 | .256 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 112.65 ± 27.05 | 100.33 ± 26.54 | <.0001 | 96.37 ± 29.37 | 91.22 ± 26.73 | .000 | −12.31 ± 18.59 | −5.15 ± 14.38 | .000 |
| HDL:LDL-C | 0.55 ± 0.20 | 0.57 ± 0.21 | .004 | 0.72 ± 0.31 | 0.72 ± 0.23 | .961 | 0.02 ± 0.12 | 0.00 ± 0.23 | .331 |
| non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 120.61 ± 30.59 | 107.19 ± 28.69 | <.0001 | 101.26 ± 31.63 | 94.74 ± 25.8 | <.0001 | −13.43 ± 20.08 | −6.52 ± 14.63 | .001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 94.56 ± 50.73 | 72 ± 40.29 | <.0001 | 65.00 ± 21.85 | 56.96 ± 21.1 | .002 | −22.56 ± 43.94 | −8.04 ± 25.89 | .000 |
| VLDL-C (mg/dL) | 18.91 ± 10.15 | 14.4 ± 8.06 | <.0001 | 13.00 ± 4.37 | 11.39 ± 4.22 | .002 | −4.51 ± 8.79 | −1.61 ± 5.18 | .000 |
| Total body protein (kg) | 9.31 ± 2.20 | 9.40 ± 2.18 | <.0001 | 9.37 ± 2.04 | 9.48 ± 2.06 | .002 | 0.09 ± 0.27 | 0.1 ± 0.35 | .743 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 17.23 ± 6.38 | 17.35 ± 6.78 | .517 | 14.63 ± 6.77 | 15.30 ± 6.6 | .000 | 0.11 ± 2.61 | 0.67 ± 1.91 | .027 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 26.79 ± 8.16 | 26.67 ± 8.40 | .494 | 23.40 ± 8.99 | 24.02 ± 8.57 | .009 | −0.12 ± 2.7 | 0.62 ± 2.46 | .015 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 47.25 ± 10.92 | 47.67 ± 10.73 | <.0001 | 47.64 ± 10.22 | 48.04 ± 10.31 | .010 | 0.42 ± 1.28 | 0.4 ± 1.62 | .905 |
| Soft lean mass (kg) | 44.43 ± 10.34 | 44.83 ± 10.15 | <.0001 | 44.88 ± 9.72 | 45.25 ± 9.8 | .010 | 0.4 ± 1.21 | 0.38 ± 1.51 | .887 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 26.11 ± 6.63 | 26.38 ± 6.56 | <.0001 | 26.32 ± 6.11 | 26.62 ± 6.27 | .002 | 0.27 ± 0.78 | 0.3 ± 0.99 | .781 |
| Visceral fat level | 6.86 ± 3.25 | 6.88 ± 3.53 | .863 | 5.68 ± 3.43 | 6.00 ± 3.33 | .010 | 0.02 ± 1.53 | 0.32 ± 1.29 | .056 |
| Waist–Hip ratio | 0.84 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | .848 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | .008 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | .035 |
| Basal metabolic rate (kcal) | 1390.56 ± 235.92 | 1399.53 ± 231.88 | <.0001 | 1398.93 ± 220.93 | 1407.89 ± 222.70 | .007 | 8.96 ± 27.54 | 0.05 ± 0.29 | 1.000 |
a
Values are mean ± SD.
b
P1 and P2 were from paired t-test among each group and P3 was from independent t-test to compare the changes from baseline after consuming either almond or control food item for 20 weeks.