Table 4.
Almond (n = 57) | Control (n = 28) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Week 8 | Week 16 | Week 20 | P values for time effect | Week 8 | Week 16 | Week 20 | P values for time effect | P values for intervention effect | P valuesfor time by intervention interaction |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.58 ± 10.13a | 0.28 ± 10.44 | 0.21 ± 12.11 | .920 | 0.68 ± 16.42 | 1 ± 16.1 | 2.39 ± 12.27 | .570 | .366 | .887 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.23 ± 7.44 | −1.11 ± 7.14 | −1.39 ± 7.84 | .012 | 3.11 ± 10.9 | 1.19 ± 11.9 | 0.54 ± 10.04 | .135 | .581 | .774 |
Waist (cm) | −0.09 ± 3.37 | −0.19 ± 3.91 | −1.11 ± 3.45 | .013 | −0.39 ± 3.3 | 1.11 ± 3.67 | −0.25 ± 4.21 | .015 | .235 | .114 |
Hip (cm) | −0.16 ± 2.79 | −0.37 ± 2.84 | −0.35 ± 2.98 | .823 | 0.25 ± 2.33 | −0.22 ± 2.57 | −0.04 ± 2.83 | .801 | .120 | .900 |
Weight (kg) | 0.44 ± 1.82 | 0.62 ± 2.36 | 0.53 ± 2.55 | .163 | 0.79 ± 1.27 | 1.21 ± 1.62 | 1.07 ± 2.19 | .001 | .282 | .679 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.17 ± 0.65 | 0.23 ± 0.89 | 0.2 ± 0.95 | .162 | 0.29 ± 0.47 | 0.38 ± 0.58 | 0.31 ± 0.77 | .002 | .076 | .775 |
TC (mg/dL) | −0.76 ± 20.98 | −18.3 ± 19.87 | −17.76 ± 21.36 | <.0001 | 13.48 ± 20.69 | −2.44 ± 20.86 | −8 ± 17.57 | .000 | .467 | .009 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 3.61 ± 7.69 | −3.69 ± 7.73 | −4.33 ± 8.83 | <.0001 | 7.07 ± 11.59 | 0.26 ± 14.43 | −1.48 ± 12.31 | .004 | .008 | .359 |
TC:HDL-C | −0.18 ± 0.46 | −0.11 ± 0.55 | −0.08 ± 0.59 | .036 | −0.1 ± 0.56 | −0.12 ± 0.43 | −0.14 ± 0.42 | .382 | .016 | .638 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | −4.24 ± 19.29 | −14.69 ± 18.87 | −12.31 ± 18.59 | <.0001 | 6.52 ± 17.66 | −3.81 ± 15.07 | −5.15 ± 14.38 | .008 | .117 | .060 |
HDL:LDL-C | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.05 ± 0.12 | 0.02 ± 0.12 | .006 | −0.01 ± 0.17 | 0.01 ± 0.18 | 0 ± 0.23 | .955 | .006 | .175 |
non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | −4.37 ± 19.43 | −14.61 ± 18.89 | −13.43 ± 20.08 | <.0001 | 6.41 ± 18.15 | −2.7 ± 13.6 | −6.52 ± 14.63 | .003 | .066 | .030 |
TG (mg/dL) | −8.74 ± 33.64 | −12.09 ± 32.88 | −22.56 ± 43.94 | .003 | 9 ± 41.33 | 4.22 ± 23.64 | −8.04 ± 25.89 | .007 | .036 | .080 |
VLDL-C (mg/dL) | −1.75 ± 6.73 | −2.42 ± 6.58 | −4.51 ± 8.79 | .003 | 1.8 ± 8.27 | 0.84 ± 4.73 | −1.61 ± 5.18 | .007 | .036 | .080 |
Total body protein (kg) | 0.07 ± 0.26 | 0.13 ± 0.25 | 0.09 ± 0.27 | .004 | 0.11 ± 0.29 | 0.12 ± 0.29 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | .151 | .693 | .902 |
Body fat mass (kg) | 0.23 ± 1.76 | 0.02 ± 2.5 | 0.11 ± 2.61 | .463 | 0.38 ± 1.21 | 0.62 ± 1.77 | 0.67 ± 1.91 | .310 | .164 | .624 |
Body fat percentage (%) | 0.02 ± 1.9 | −0.36 ± 2.61 | −0.12 ± 2.7 | .416 | 0.31 ± 1.9 | 0.55 ± 2.4 | 0.62 ± 2.46 | .630 | .103 | .520 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 0.21 ± 1.21 | 0.61 ± 1.24 | 0.42 ± 1.28 | .006 | 0.41 ± 1.35 | 0.59 ± 1.39 | 0.4 ± 1.62 | .131 | .753 | .847 |
Soft lean mass (kg) | 0.2 ± 1.14 | 0.57 ± 1.16 | 0.4 ± 1.21 | .006 | 0.37 ± 1.27 | 0.54 ± 1.32 | 0.38 ± 1.51 | .165 | .796 | .867 |
Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 0.17 ± 0.72 | 0.37 ± 0.72 | 0.27 ± 0.78 | .004 | 0.33 ± 0.81 | 0.4 ± 0.86 | 0.3 ± 0.99 | .089 | .740 | .791 |
Visceral fat levelb | −0.02 ± 1.07 | −0.07 ± 1.38 | 0.02 ± 1.53 | .702 | 0.11 ± 0.68 | 0.19 ± 1.02 | 0.32 ± 1.29 | .610 | .222 | .843 |
Waist–Hip ratio | 0 ± 0.02 | 0 ± 0.03 | 0 ± 0.03 | .286 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | .259 | .447 | .505 |
Basal metabolic rate (kcal) | 4.49 ± 26.04 | 12.93 ± 26.71 | 8.96 ± 27.54 | .007 | 9.04 ± 28.97 | 12.89 ± 30.05 | 8.96 ± 34.74 | .130 | .754 | .845 |
Values are mean ± SD.
Indicator generated from bioimpedance analysis based on the estimated amount of fat surrounding internal organs in the abdomen (normal range: 1–9).