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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hepatology. 2018 Apr 6;67(5):2013–2024. doi: 10.1002/hep.29689

Fig. 1. Classification of substrates of activated JNK (P-JNK).

Fig. 1

Transcriptional targets are identified by AP1 binding sequence with JNK phospho-activated substrates such as c-Jun, c-Myc, ATF2, Elk1. Non-transcriptional targets are identified by kinase-interacting-motif (KIM) and serine/threonine-proline (S/TP) phosphorylation sites on substrates. Sab is a substrate as well as scaffold protein of activated JNK on mitochondria. Other P-JNK phosphorylated substrates are E3 ubiquitin ligase (Itch), mitochondrial apoptosis inducers and inhibitors among the Bcl family proteins such as Bax, Bim, PUMA, Mcl1, Bcl-XL. JNK activation is required for vesicle trafficking to export proteins such as CXCL10 from hepatocytes. Not described in this review, other JNK phospho-regulated targets include p53 in cell cycle regulation and cell death; Mfn2 in mitochondrial fusion; autophagy regulation.