Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Calcif Tissue Int. 2018 Jan 12;102(5):559–574. doi: 10.1007/s00223-017-0380-2

Table 3.

Unresolved questions regarding bone pathologies in psoriatic arthritis

  • Heterogeneity: Factors that underlie the wide heterogeneity in bone phenotypes and asymmetric distribution of involved joints

  • Mechanisms: Mechanisms that underline pathologic bone formation in the spine and appendicular skeleton

  • Nail dystrophy: Is it linked to DIP bone involvement?

  • Gut and skin microbiome: Are there etiologic links between dysbiosis and bone phenotypes?

  • IL-17: Role of IL-17 in bone erosion and bone formation still unclear

  • Contribution of RANKL: Contribution of RANKL versus RANKL independent pathways osteoclastogenesis

  • Role of TNF-α: resorption versus formation and under what conditions

  • Skin- joint axis: Does skin inflammation trigger the events that promote altered bone remodeling?