Table 2.
Demographic and clinical features of patients with ALF with and without bleeding complications during days 1–7.
| Clinical Feature | N | Non-Bleeders (N = 1,583) N±SD (%) |
Bleeders (N = 187) N±SD (%) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (Years) | 1770 | 41±15 | 42±14 | 0.499 |
| Gender (% Female) | 1770 | 1109(70.1) | 112(59.9) | 0.006 |
| Race (% Caucasian) | 1770 | 1164(73.5) | 145(77.5) | 0.274 |
| APAP Etiology of ALF | 1770 | 710(44.9) | 88(47.1) | 0.62 |
| Clinical Features on Admission | ||||
| Symptoms to enrollment (d) | 1719 | 6±13 | 5±11 | 0.100 |
| Plasma before admission | 1720 | 644(41.9) | 118(64.8) | < 0.001 |
| Anticoagulants | 1770 | 41(2.6) | 5(2.7) | --- |
| Aspirin | 1770 | 83(5.2) | 17(9.1) | 0.047 |
| SIRS (% ≥2 components) | 1364 | 894(74.4) | 130(80.2) | 0.127 |
| SIRS-Temperature (N <36 or >38ºC) | 1710 | 425(28) | 66(37) | 0.014 |
| SIRS-Pulse (beats/min) | 1757 | 97±29 | 105±32 | <0.001 |
| SIRS-Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 1721 | 19±8 | 20±10 | 0.09 |
| SIRS-PCO2 (mmHg) | 1335 | 31±10 | 30±10 | 0.028 |
| SIRS-WBC (N <4 or >12×109/L) | 1770 | 723(46) | 100(53) | 0.052 |
| Ammonia (μM) | 1032 | 99.0±95.0 | 93.0±79.5 | 0.244 |
| Encephalopathy Grade 3/4 | 1721 | 733(47.8) | 115(61.5) | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1766 | 1.6±2.1 | 2.2±2.3 | <0.001 |
| INR | 1770 | 2.8±2.2 | 2.7±2.4 | 0.895 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 1752 | 7.6±16.4 | 6.8±13.1 | 0.226 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 1616 | 2.7±0.8 | 2.7±0.6 | 0.549 |
| Lactate (mg/dl) | 971 | 4.4±6.0 | 5.4±8.2 | 0.002 |
| Bicarbonate (mg/dl) | 1481 | 22.0±8.0 | 20.0±10.0 | 0.002 |
| Phosphate (mg/dl) | 1539 | 3.1±2.3 | 3.8±2.9 | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 1770 | 128±108 | 96±92 | <0.001 |
| WBC (×109/L) | 1770 | 10.1±8.1 | 10.6±9.7 | 0.239 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 1764 | 11.1±3.1 | 10.3±2.8 | <0.001 |
| Clinical Features after Admission, Days 1–7 | ||||
| INR peak | 1770 | 3.3±2.7 | 3.2±3.3 | 0.22 |
| Platelet count nadir (×109/L) | 1770 | 77±81 | 53±45 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin nadir (g/dl) | 1770 | 9.2±2.5 | 8.4±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Encephalopathy Grade 3/4 | 1734 | 981(63.4) | 161(86.1) | < 0.001 |
| Infection | 1770 | 155(9.8) | 16(8.6) | 0.682 |
| Interventions after Admission, Days 1–7 | ||||
| ICP Monitor Placement | 1634 | 201(13.8) | 36(20.7) | 0.019 |
| Renal Replacement Therapy | 1770 | 534(33.7) | 107(57.2) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressors | 1770 | 531(33.5) | 121(64.7) | < 0.001 |
| N-acetylcysteine | 1770 | 967(61.1) | 121(64.7) | 0.378 |
| Gastric Acid Suppression | 1770 | 1267(80.0) | 162(86.6) | 0.039 |
| RBC Transfusion | 1770 | 265(16.7) | 30(16.0) | 0.89 |
| Plasma Transfusion | 1770 | 531(33.5) | 120(64.2) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet Transfusion | 1770 | 849(53.6) | 145(77.5) | < 0.001 |
| Outcomes at Day 21 | ||||
| Transplant-free Survival | 1770 | 723(45.7) | 58(31.0) | < 0.001 |
| Liver Transplantation | 1757 | 407(25.9) | 23(12.4) | < 0.001 |
| Died after LT | 430 | 39(9.6) | 1(4.3) | < 0.001 |
| Died | 1770 | 492(31.1) | 107(57.2) | < 0.001 |
APAP, acetaminophen; LT, liver transplantation; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; RBC, red blood cells; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (and individual components); WBC, white blood cells.