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A general schematic representation demonstrating how 4-HNE can cause mitochondrial dysfunction is shown. ROS produced within the mitochondrion can result in lipid peroxidation and 4-HNE. This aldehyde can diffuse into the matrix and/or the IMS resulting in protein modification. It is this protein modification that causes altered protein activity resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com.]
