Table 1.
Sample characteristics, serum concentrations, and dietary intakes
(Numbers, mean values and standard deviations, percentages, and medians and ranges)
| Maternal characteristic | n | Median | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 180 | ||
| Mean | 28·7 | ||
| sd | 5·6 | ||
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 112 | ||
| Mean | 27·1 | ||
| sd | 6·6 | ||
| Infant gestational age at birth (weeks) | 180 | ||
| Mean | 38·04 | ||
| sd | 3·1 | ||
| Maternal race (%) | |||
| White | 111 | 58·7 | |
| African-American | 28 | 14·8 | |
| Hispanic | 24 | 12·7 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 3 | 1·6 | |
| Other | 23 | 12·7 | |
| Smoking status (%) | |||
| Current smokers | 28 | 15 | |
| Former/never smokers | 148 | 85 | |
| Food security (%) | |||
| High | 136 | 76 | |
| Marginal | 17 | 9 | |
| Low | 19 | 11 | |
| Very low | 7 | 4 | |
| Food desert (%) | |||
| Yes | 19 | 11 | |
| No | 148 | 89 | |
| Health insurance payor status | |||
| Public | 103 | 57·5 | |
| Private | 76 | 42·5 | |
| Maternal serum levels (μg/l) | |||
| Retinol | 180 | 299·5 | 85·7–734·8 |
| β-Carotene | 180 | 138·2 | 6·2–1577·4 |
| α-Carotene | 180 | 28·7 | 3·0–388·4 |
| Lycopene | 180 | 422·0 | 13·9–1521·7 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 180 | 183·0 | 26·5–533·0 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 180 | 89·6 | 8·5–356·8 |
| α-Tocopherol | 180 | 12 414·1 | 175·2–34 687·8 |
| γ-Tocopherol | 180 | 1340·7 | 151·0–4386·0 |
| Maternal intake (μg/d) | |||
| α-Carotene | 132 | 528·2 | 6·9–4719·5 |
| β-Carotene | 132 | 4751·0 | 321·8–17 513·22 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 132 | 124·0 | 11·0–844·5 |
| Lycopene | 132 | 4596·8 | 170·9–24 654·1 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 132 | 2398·9 | 177·4–16 316·3 |
| Retinol activity equivalents | 132 | 1325·1 | 272·3–4724·7 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 132 | 13·7 | 1·97–221·5 |