Table 4.
Child Mental Development, Language Abilities, Sensory Processing, and Temperament Measures: Wald χ2 Tests of Significance, P Values, and Estimated Marginal Means (95% Confidence Intervals) for the Time Main Effect (N=96)
| Time: | 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | 24 months | 36 months | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| χ2 | P | M | 95% CI | M | 95% CI | M | 95% CI | M | 95% CI | M | 95% CI | |
| Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID-III): | ||||||||||||
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| Cognitive Subtest Composite Score | 12.7 | 0.01 | 103.1 | (99.58, 106.58) | 98.6 | (95.21, 102.02) | 96.3 | (93.30, 99.33) | 98.5 | (95.41, 101.57) | ||
| Cognitive Subtest Percentile Rank | 19.2 | <.001 | 57.9 | (51.02, 64.80) | 47.6 | (40.83, 54.29) | 40.7 | (34.86, 46.57) | 44.4 | (38.45, 50.45) | ||
| Language Composite Score | 20.6 | <.001 | 102.4 | (98.72, 106.01) | 96.5 | (92.83, 100.19) | 92.7 | (89.62, 95.73) | 98.4 | (95.25, 101.47) | ||
| Language Percentile Rank | 18.6 | <.001 | 54.8 | (47.16, 62.45) | 41.8 | (34.08, 49.53) | 35.3 | (28.87, 41.70) | 46.1 | (39.57, 52.61) | ||
| Motor Test Composite Score | 10.8 | 0.01 | 99.3 | (95.55, 103.10) | 94.3 | (90.63, 98.05) | 99.8 | (96.61, 102.95) | 101.6 | (98.29, 104.85) | ||
| Motor Test Percentile Rank | 13.4 | 0.004 | 50.6 | (43.02, 58.11) | 37.3 | (29.93, 44.76) | 48.5 | (42.18, 54.84) | 52.8 | (46.25, 59.34) | ||
| Social-Emotional Scale Composite Score | 12.0 | 0.01 | 114.2 | (108.13, 120.24) | 102.0 | (96.06, 107.92) | 107.1 | (102.23, 111.92) | 102.4 | (97.38, 107.41) | ||
| Social-Emotional Scale Percentile Rank | 9.8 | 0.02 | 70.2 | (60.40, 80.00) | 53.6 | (44.00, 63.14) | 61.5 | (53.62, 69.40) | 53.5 | (45.36, 61.68) | ||
| General Adaptive Composite Score | 8.4 | 0.04 | 104.6 | (99.75, 109.37) | 100.8 | (96.20, 105.31) | 97.1 | (93.08, 101.10) | 100.6 | (96.46, 104.74) | ||
| General Adaptive Percentile Rank | 7.6 | 0.06 | 58.3 | (49.18, 67.38) | 51.2 | (42.59, 59.81) | 44.8 | (37.20, 52.34) | 51.2 | (43.40, 59.02) | ||
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| Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Test-Third Edition (REEL-3): | ||||||||||||
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| Receptive Ability Score | 29.6 | <.001 | 94.1 | (89.53, 98.70) | 108.8 | (105.14, 112.56) | 105.2 | (101.47, 109.02) | ||||
| Receptive Percentile Rank | 46.8 | <.001 | 37.4 | (29.71, 45.06) | 65.5 | (59.27, 71.76) | 65.9 | (59.52, 72.21) | ||||
| Expressive Ability Score | 1.7 | 0.44 | 99.2 | (94.54, 103.87) | 101.8 | (97.98, 105.56) | 102.6 | (98.85, 106.35) | ||||
| Expressive Percentile Rank | 5.1 | 0.08 | 47.5 | (37.83, 57.21) | 53.2 | (45.48, 60.87) | 60.4 | (52.77, 67.95) | ||||
| Language Ability Score | 12.3 | 0.002 | 96.6 | (91.56, 101.70) | 106.3 | (102.24, 110.44) | 104.8 | (100.77, 108.88) | ||||
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| Infant Toddler Sensory Profile (ITSP): | ||||||||||||
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| Low Registration | 25.4 | <.001 | 49.5 | (46.17, 52.74) | 49.6 | (47.87, 51.42) | 46.6 | (44.10, 49.16) | 45.7 | (43.72, 47.72) | 47.4 | (45.38, 49.34) |
| Sensation Seeking | 142.9 | <.001 | 9.2 | (6.54, 11.92) | 7.8 | (6.73, 8.95) | 23.6 | (20.98, 26.16) | 29.6 | (27.33, 31.82) | 35.3 | (32.88, 37.71) |
| Sensory Sensitivity | 8.9 | 0.06 | 49.7 | (46.93, 52.56) | 49.7 | (47.78, 51.66) | 41.6 | (39.13, 44.00) | 41.7 | (39.72, 43.74) | 43.3 | (41.33, 45.21) |
| Sensation Avoiding | 19.1 | <.001 | 22.1 | (20.26, 23.94) | 21.3 | (19.76, 22.89) | 47.1 | (44.48, 49.80) | 47.6 | (45.50, 49.65) | 49.8 | (47.57, 52.04) |
| Low Threshold | 17.8 | <.001 | 72.3 | (68.97, 75.73) | 69.7 | (65.66, 73.74) | 88.2 | (83.37, 93.01) | 89.1 | (85.31, 92.99) | 92.8 | (88.83, 96.72) |
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| Infant Behavior Questionnaire Revised (IBQ-R): | ||||||||||||
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| Activity Level | 13.0 | 0.001 | 3.6 | (3.25, 4.01) | 4.3 | (3.99, 4.56) | 4.3 | (4.05, 4.59) | ||||
| Distress to Limitations | 20.3 | <.001 | 3.5 | (3.13, 3.87) | 3.6 | (3.31, 3.86) | 4.3 | (3.99, 4.51) | ||||
| Fear | 9.0 | 0.01 | 2.7 | (2.23, 3.17) | 2.8 | (2.45, 3.13) | 3.3 | (3.02, 3.67) | ||||
| Duration of Orienting | 0.1 | 0.96 | 4.0 | (3.49, 4.50) | 4.0 | (3.56, 4.35) | 3.9 | (3.55, 4.30) | ||||
| Smiling and Laughter | 1.4 | 0.49 | 5.0 | (4.56, 5.38) | 5.2 | (4.92, 5.53) | 5.2 | (4.92, 5.50) | ||||
| High Intensity Pleasure | 12.1 | 0.002 | 5.8 | (5.47, 6.04) | 6.2 | (5.96, 6.39) | 6.3 | (6.12, 6.53) | ||||
| Low Intensity Pleasure | 0.3 | 0.84 | 5.5 | (5.08, 5.91) | 5.4 | (5.11, 5.73) | 5.4 | (5.07, 5.66) | ||||
| Soothability | 1.8 | 0.41 | 5.2 | (4.81, 5.53) | 5.4 | (5.13, 5.66) | 5.2 | (4.97, 5.47) | ||||
| Falling Reactivity/Rate of Recovery from Distress | 2.0 | 0.36 | 5.3 | (4.92, 5.62) | 5.3 | (5.04, 5.57) | 5.1 | (4.85, 5.36) | ||||
| Cuddliness | 32.0 | <.001 | 6.3 | (5.97, 6.55) | 5.9 | (5.72, 6.15) | 5.4 | (5.19, 5.60) | ||||
| Perceptual Sensitivity | 13.2 | <.001 | 3.7 | (3.25, 4.20) | 4.2 | (3.81, 4.53) | 4.6 | (4.29, 4.98) | ||||
| Sadness | 2.1 | 0.35 | 3.5 | (3.05, 3.87) | 3.8 | (3.46, 4.08) | 3.7 | (3.41, 4.00) | ||||
| Approach | 48.0 | <.001 | 4.5 | (4.11, 4.93) | 5.4 | (5.10, 5.73) | 6.1 | (5.76, 6.36) | ||||
| Vocal Reactivity | 19.2 | <.001 | 4.7 | (4.30, 5.06) | 5.0 | (4.70, 5.27) | 5.5 | (5.27, 5.81) | ||||
Notes. All measures were assumed to be normally distributed in the population, so normal-theory-based estimation and tests of significance were utilized. Test statistics are Wald χ2 tests of significance for the Time main effect for the respective child outcome. Degrees of freedom (df) was dependent on the number of observation time points: For growth parameters and ITSP scales, df=4; for the Bayley scales, df=3; for the REEL-3 and IBQ-R, df=2. Covariance structure for Time was compound symmetric, except for growth parameters and ITSP scale, for which it was Huynh-Feldt. [A compound symmetric structure was chosen when the Hyunh-Feldt solutions converged on a solution but produced a non-positive-definite matrix of second derivatives.] M = marginal mean estimated from the statistical model; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. For the BSID-III, composite scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 in the normative sample. REEL-III composite scores likewise have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 in the normative sample. Percentile scores for both the BSID-III and the REEL-III indicate the percentage of scores equal to or below the respective mean value in the normative sample. For the ITSP for children 3 and 6 months of age, Low Registration scores range between a low of 5 and a high of 65; Sensation Seeking: 5–30; Sensory Sensitivity: 12–60; Sensation Avoiding: 5–25; and Low Threshold: 17–85; while for the ITSP for children 7–36 months, Low Registration: 11–55; Sensation Seeking: 14–70; Sensory Sensitivity: 11–55; Sensation Avoiding: 12–60; and Low Threshold: 23–115. Therefore, lower ITSP scores indicate relatively more functional problems in a given area of sensory processing. Because the ITSP form administered at 3 and 6 months was composed of 36 items, and the ITSP form administered at 12, 24, and 36 months was composed of 48 items, the 4 quadrant scores (Low Registration, Sensation Seeking; Sensory Sensitivity, and Sensation Avoiding) and the Low Threshold score for the 36-item version were prorated by the ratio of the number of items differing between the two versions prior to analysis, to avoid an artifact in the tests of significance due to test length. As a result, the 3- and 6-month means presented in this Table do not allow for comparison with other research. For IBR-Q scores, scores for the 14 scales (Activity Level, Distress to Limitations, Fear, Duration of Orienting, Smiling and Laughter, High Intensity Pleasure, Low Intensity Pleasure, Soothability, Falling Reactivity/Rate of Recovery from Distress, Cuddliness, Perceptual Sensitivity, Sadness, Approach, and Vocal Reactivity) range from a low of 1 to a high of 7, with higher scores indicating the infant has shown more of the dimension of temperament that was rated by the mother.