Table 1.

Study, Participant, and Design Characteristics (14 Intervention Studies from 19 Published Reports)

Study Name	First Author (Publication Year), Study Dates, and Location of Study	Target Population, Percent Female, Persons of Color (POC) or Gay/Bisexual (GB)	Income or Housing Status, % Drug User, % Mental Health Diagnosis	HIV Disease Status, Health Insurance	Type of Design, Data Collection Method	Intervention Period, Assessments, Analytic Sample
ARTAS	Gardner (2005) [60], 3/01–5/02, Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Miami, FL; Los Angeles, CA	Newly diagnosed 28.9% female 93% POC NR GB	73.3% Income ≤ $10,000 16.8% used crack cocaine and 10.2% used IDU in past 30 days NR for Mental Health	77.7% diagnosed with HIV in past 6 months; Mean Log10 viral load: 4.52 (Interv) vs. 4.53 (Control) 85% public insurance	2-group, randomized Medical records confirming self- report data	Intervention lasted 3 months Assessed at 6 and 12 months post baseline N=273 (n=136 intervention vs. n=137 control)
ARTAS II	Craw (2008) [58], 4/05–10/06, Anniston, AL; Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Baton Rouge, LA; Chicago, IL; Columbia/Greenville, SC; Jacksonville, FL; Kansas City, MO; Miami, FL; Richmond, VA	Newly diagnosed 27.3% female 81.6% POC 46.4% GB	61.7% Income ≤ $10,000; 10.9% Unstable housing 6.3% IDU and 14.2% non-IDU in past 3 months 59.6% above CES-D cutoff score for depression (mean score ≥ 16)	NR for HIV Disease Status 35% any insurance	1-group, post data Self-report, medical records, and case manager summary reports	Intervention lasted 3 months Assessed at 6 months N=626
Bilingual/Bicultural Health Care Team	Enriquez (2008) [59], 3/05–3/07 Kansas City, MI	Hispanics 21% female 100% POC NR GB	NR for all 3 variables	88% met criteria for ARV treatment (CD4 t cell count below 300 cells/mm3 or HIV viral load > 100,000 copies/ml NR for Health Insurance	1-group, pre & post Electronic medical records	Intervention lasted 12 months Assessed at 12 months N=86
Bridge Project for APIs	Chin (2006) [56], 6/97-3/01, New York City, NY	In or out of HIV primary care 15% female 100% POC 43% GB	NR for all 3 variables	NR for HIV Disease Status 41% ADAP Plus; 27% Medicaid/Medicare; 23% Private	1-group, post data Self-report data	Intervention lasted 6 months Assessed at 16.9 months N=32
Bridge Project for HIV-diagnosed ex-offenders	Rich (2001) [66], 1/97 – 6/00, Providence, RI	Ex-offenders 28% female 66% POC 12% GB	69% homeless or doubled-upped with a friend or relative 80% IDU 49% self-reported mental illness diagnosis (48% depression, 25% anxiety, 17% PTSD, 10% schizophrenia)	NR for HIV Disease Status 63% no insurance, 33% Medicaid, 1% private	1-group, post data Medical records	Intervention lasted 18 months Assessed at 12 and 24 months N=97
Bridge Project for HIV-diagnosed ex-offenders II	Zaller (2008) [70], 5/03 – 12/05, Providence, RI	Ex-offenders 29% female 62% POC 19% GB	All had annual income <$10,000; mean income = $199; 86% unstable housing 97% reported a history of substance use or binge drinking 72% scored below the general US population on the mental health scale	NR for HIV Disease Status 42% Medicaid; 7% Medicare; 2% private	1-group, post data Medical records	Intervention lasted 18 months Assessed at 12 and 24 months N=59
BRIGHT	Wohl (2011) [68], Study dates NR, North Carolina	Ex-offenders 27% female 89% POC NR GB	NR for Income/Housing 65% use of cocaine in past 30 days prior to incarceration 61% diagnosed with depression; 16% diagnosed with anxiety	median CD4 count = 338 cells/mm3 NR	2-group, randomized Self-report or community medical records	Intervention lasted ~6.5 months for intervention arm and 3–6 months for control arm Assessed at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 weeks N=89 (n=43 intervention vs. n=46 control)
California Bridge Project	Molitor (2006) [62], 3/01–12/03, California - 21 sites	Without a prior history of HIV medical services 24.6% female 74.1% POC 48.6% GB	NR for Income/Housing 16% IDU NR for Mental Health	NR for both variables	1-group, post data Matching client ID number with reports from bridge worker	Intervention lasted 35 months NR for Assessment Time N=322
HRSA-SPNS Outreach Initiative	Andersen (2007) [21], study dates NR, Detroit, MI Two Interventions: Transportation Only and Tansportation plus	Female drug users 100% female 91.2% POC NR GB	$594/month = Mean income; 13.1% Living arrangements other than owning/renting home or living with someone else 0% heroin users in past 30 days All without mental health problems	NR for HIV Disease Status 93.4% any; 82.0% on Medicaid	1-group, post data Self-report data	Intervention lasted 12 months Assessed at 6 and 12 months (1) Transportation Only intervention: N=61
						(2)Transportation plus intervention: N=51
HRSA-SPNS Outreach Initiative	Bradford (2007) [55], 10/03-6/06, Portland, OR; Seattle, WA; Boston, MA; Washington, DC	Not fully engaged in HIV care 23% female 67% POC NR GB	63% Living arrangements other than owning/renting home NR for Drug Use NR for Mental Health	35% with Undetectable viral load 79% any health insurance	1-group, post data Self-report data	Intervention lasted 12 months Assessed at 6 and 12 months N=437
HRSA-SPNS Outreach Initiative	Coleman (2009) [57], 10/03 - 6/05, Seattle, WA; Portland OR; Los Angeles, CA; Detroit, MI; Washington DC; New York City, NY; Providence, RI; Boston, MA; Miami, FL (data from 1 above site not used because no newly diagnosed HIV+ persons)	Newly diagnosed 20% female 85% POC 61% GB	$366 = Mean monthly income; 30% own home/apt. 43% someone’s else’s home, 27% temporary arrangement 24% illicit substance use in past 30 days SF-12 Quality of Life on Mental Health Mean Score = 41.5, SD=13 (General population mean score =50)	Mean viral load = 21,900; 12% having an undetectable viral load; 47% had CD4 <350 cells/mm3 NR for Health Insurance	1-group, post data Medical records	Intervention lasted 12 months Assessed at 6 and 12 months N=105 at 6 months; N=94 at 12 months
HRSA-SPNS Outreach Initiative	Naar-King (2007) [63], study dates NR, Portland, OR; Detroit, MI; Washington, DC; Los Angeles, CA	Newly diagnosed 15.4% female 85.6% POC 63% GB	Mean income: $346; 69.2% not own home 53.9% used illicit drugs or binge drinking in past 30 days SF12 Quality of Life on Mental Health Mean Score = 41.39 SD = 13.01 General population mean score = 50	100% diagnosed with HIV in past 6 months; 53.5% had CD4 count >350: 13.5% had undetectable viral load 53.4% any health insurance	1-group, post data Medical records	Intervention lasted 12 months Assessed at 6 and 12 months N=86 at 6 months; N=76 at 12 months
HRSA-SPNS MSM of Color	Hightow-Weidman (2011) [52], 6/06 – 8/09, Bronx, NY; Chapel Hill, NC; Chicago, IL; Detroit, MI; Houston, TX; Los Angeles, CA; Oakland, CA; Rochester, NY	Young newly diagnosed or not currently in care AA or Hispanic MSM 0% female 100% POC 100% GB	NR for Income/Housing NR for Drug Use 50% had CES-D ≥ 16 (≥ 16 is cutoff score for depression)	33% had CD5 ≥ 500 65% had insurance	1-group, post data Medical records	Intervention lasted 24 months Assessed at 6 and 12 months N=221
HRSA-SPNS MSM of Color	Hightow-Weidman (2011) [61], 6/06–9/09, North Carolina	Young newly diagnosed or not currently in care AA or Hispanic MSM 0% female 100% POC 100% GB	NR for Income/Housing 56% alcohol abuse CESD mean = 15.4 for newly diagnosed; 20.4 for reengaged (≥ 16 is cutoff score for depression)	Mean log10viral load: 4.4 for newly diagnosed and 3.7 for reengaged 54% had health insurance; 60% for newly diagnosed; 45% for reengaged	2-group comparison with a historical control Medical records	Intervention lasted 24 months Assessed at 24 months N=111 (n=81 intervention vs. n=30 historical control)
HRSA-SPNS MSM of Color	Wohl (2011) [67], 4/06 – 4/09, Los Angeles, CA	Young newly diagnosed or not currently in care AA or Hispanic MSM 0% female 100% POC 100% GB	2% homeless/ shelter;12% own; 29% with friends; 57% with family 52% had history of drug use 66% above CES-D cutoff score for depression (≥16)	Mean CD4 = 397 NR for Health Insurance	1-group, post data Medical records	Intervention lasted 24 months Assessed at 6 months N=61
Housing and Health Study	Wolitski (2010) [69], 7/04-1/07, Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA	Persons in unstable housing condition 30% female 78% POC 33% GB	100% homeless or service risk of homeless NR for Drug Use Mean CES-D = 13.6 (≥ 16 is cutoff score for depression)	39% with AIDS diagnosis NR for Health Insurance	2-group, randomized Self-report data	Intervention lasted 18 months Assessed at 6, 12, and 18 months N=630 (n=315 in each arm)
INSPIRE	Purcell (2007) [65], 8/01-3/05, New York, NY; San Francisco, CA; Miami, FL; Baltimore, MD	Injection drug users 36% female 90.9% POC 32% GB	Income < $10,000 = 83%; Currently homeless = 10.4% 100% injected drugs in the past year NR for Mental Health	NR for both variables	2-group, randomized Self-report data	Intervention lasted 5 weeks Assessed at 6 and 12 months N=795 (n=396 intervention vs. n=399 control)
LIGHT	Andersen (1999) [54], 10/97-6/98, Detroit, MI	Women needing HIV-related medical services 100% female 99% POC NR GB	24% homeless 90% crack users; 51% with history of drug injection 76% above CES-D cutoff score for depression (≥16)	NR for both variables	1-group, pre & post Self-report data	Intervention lasted 6 months Assessed at 6 months N=81
Youth-Focused Motivational Interviewing (MI)	Naar-King (2009) [64], 03–06, Detroit, MI	Enrolled in medical care 40% female 99% POC 2% transgender NR GB	Mean income: $778 NR for Drug Use NR for Mental Health	NR for both variables	2-group, randomized Medical records	Intervention lasted 6 months Assessed at 12 months pre-baseline and 12 months post-baseline N=87 (n=39 peer-delivered MI, n= 44 professional-delivered MI)

NR = not reported; ARTAS = Antiretroviral Treatment Access Study; BRIGHT = Bridges to Good Health and Treatment; HRSA SPNS Outreach = HRSA SPNS Outreach Initiative; HRSA SPNS MSM of Color = HRSA SPNS Outreach, Care, and Prevention to Engage HIV Seropositive Young MSM of Color; INSPIRE = Interventions for Seropositive Injectors—Research and Evaluation