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. 2014 Jan 5;13(3):143–152. doi: 10.1007/s12522-013-0175-8

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Inhibition of the effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on progesterone (P)‐enhanced hyperactivation by tamoxifen. It shows an overview of inhibition by tamoxifen on an effect of DES on P‐enhanced hyperactivation (a) and detailed percentages of hyperactivation after incubation for 1 and 1.5 h (b). Spermatozoa were exposed to 20 ng/mL DES after exposure to 1 μM tamoxifen for 5 min. After incubation for 5 min, they were exposed to 20 ng/mL P. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. In all graphs, “Vehicle” refers to mTALP medium + 0.1 % ethanol + 0.1 % dimethyl sulfoxide. “P” is vehicle + 20 ng/mL P. “P + DES” and “P + DES + tamoxifen” are vehicle + 20 ng/mL P + 20 ng/mL DES and vehicle + 20 ng/mL P + 20 ng/mL DES + 1 μM tamoxifen. *Significant difference compared with “Vehicle” (P < 0.05). **Significant difference compared with “P” (P < 0.05)