Sperm count |
Maturity of oocyte |
Motility |
Maturity of spindle |
Progressive motility |
Maturity of zona pellucida |
Morphology |
Ability of the zona to induce acrosome reaction |
Ability of spermatozoa to undergo capacitation |
Intact cumulus‐oocyte complex |
Ability to induce hyperactivation |
Ability to modulate sperm functions |
Ability to bind to the zona pellucida |
DNA fragmentation |
Ability to undergo acrosome reaction |
Sufficient selection of functionally competent spermatozoa |
Energy metabolism |
Sufficient transport of functionally competent spermatozoa |
Mitochondrial membrane potential |
Sufficient supply of energy resources for spermatozoa |
Membrane integrity |
Ability to decondense the sperm head |
Normal chromatin condensation |
Ability to restore limited DNA damages |
Ability to: bind to and fuse with the oolemma |
Endometriosis |
DNA fragmentation |
NA |
Influence of leukocytes |
NA |
Sufficient contribution of accessory sex glands |
NA |
Autoantibodies against spermatozoa |
NA |
Sperm maturity as tested by creatine kinase or HspA2 chaperone levels |
NA |
Sufficient elimination of the element zinc from the spermatozoa during epididymal maturation |
NA |