Table 1.
Participants' baseline characteristics.
| Characteristics | Intervention group (n=38) | Control group (n=38) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 78.3 ± 5.8 | 78.3 ± 6.5 | 0.956 |
| Female, n (%) | 29 (76.3) | 29 (76.3) | 0.999 |
| Height (cm) | 150.7 ± 7.6 | 152.5 ± 7.0 | 0.303 |
| Weight (kg) | 50.3 ± 9.0 | 52.6 ± 8.9 | 0.252 |
| Total number of pain sites | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 0.566 |
| NRS at the site of maximum pain | 2.4 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 0.555 |
| CST (s) | 7.7 ± 2.7 | 7.4 ± 2.0 | 0.544 |
| TUG (s) | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 0.938 |
| GDS-15 score (points) | 3.2 ± 3.5 | 2.7 ± 2.9 | 0.497 |
| PCS total score (points) | 23.3 ± 13.1 | 23.4 ± 11.1 | 0.963 |
| Rumination score (points) | 11.0 ± 6.1 | 10.8 ± 4.7 | 0.850 |
| Helplessness score (points) | 7.2 ± 4.7 | 7.6 ± 4.3 | 0.704 |
| Magnification score (points) | 5.1 ± 3.7 | 5.2 ± 3.3 | 0.974 |
| Daily step counts (steps) | 4533.1 ± 2515.8 | 4030.2 ± 2266.5 | 0.363 |
| Mild activity times (s) | 2471.7 ± 1368.2 | 2382.8 ± 1158.3 | 0.762 |
| Moderate activity times (s) | 484.9 ± 683.0 | 303.0 ± 442.0 | 0.157 |
| Heavy activity times (s) | 17.2 ± 26.0 | 20.0 ± 49.7 | 0.761 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; CST: Chair Stand Test; TUG: Timed Up-and-Go test; GDS-15: 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale.