Table 2.
Group comparisons of outcome measures during the intervention period.
| Item | Intervention group (n=35) | Control group (n=35) | Time-by-group interaction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preintervention | After 12 weeks | Mean difference | Preintervention | After 12 weeks | Mean difference | F value | p value | |
| Total number of pain sites | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.1a | −0.3 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 2.0 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 0.2 ± 1.7 | 2.622 | 0.110 |
| NRS at the site of maximum pain | 2.3 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 1.6a | −0.2 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 2.4b | 0.9 ± 3.2 | 3.642 | 0.060 |
| CST (s) | 7.7 ± 2.8 | 7.0 ± 2.5b | −0.7 ± 1.4 | 7.4 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 1.8b | −0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.012 | 0.913 |
| TUG (s) | 7.6 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 1.3b | −0.6 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 7.2 ± 1.7b | −0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.529 | 0.469 |
| GDS-15 score (points) | 3.0 ± 3.3 | 2.5 ± 3.1 | −0.5 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.9 | 2.6 ± 2.4 | −0.1 ± 2.3 | 0.490 | 0.486 |
| PCS total score (points) | 23.0 ± 13.3 | 20.8 ± 11.5 | −2.2 ± 8.1 | 23.4 ± 11.1 | 23.6 ± 12.9 | 0.2 ± 10.2 | 1.200 | 0.277 |
| Rumination score (points) | 10.7 ± 6.2 | 9.6 ± 5.4 | −1.1 ± 3.8 | 10.8 ± 4.7 | 11.3 ± 5.4 | 0.5 ± 4.9 | 2.271 | 0.136 |
| Helplessness score (points) | 7.2 ± 4.8 | 7.0 ± 4.1 | −0.2 ± 3.8 | 7.6 ± 4.3 | 7.5 ± 4.9 | −0.1 ± 4.5 | 0.005 | 0.947 |
| Magnification score (points) | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 4.2 ± 2.9 | −0.7 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 3.3 | 4.9 ± 3.2 | −0.3 ± 2.5 | 0.660 | 0.419 |
| Daily step counts (steps) | 4312.9 ± 2392.5 | 5175.7 ± 3126.1ab | 862.8 ± 1933.9 | 4030.2 ± 2266.5 | 3918.6 ± 1870.3 | −111.6 ± 1630.9 | 5.445 | 0.022 |
| Mild activity times (s) | 2394.2 ± 1399.9 | 2774.8 ± 1550.8b | 457.7 ± 1037.3 | 2382.8 ± 1158.3 | 2385.0 ± 1049.1 | 2.2 ± 844.2 | 3.218 | 0.077 |
| Moderate activity times (s) | 428.1 ± 545.1 | 555.3 ± 689.8a | 143.9 ± 422.9 | 303.0 ± 442.0 | 255.7 ± 286.0 | −47.3 ± 341.4 | 3.801 | 0.055 |
| Heavy activity times (s) | 16.6 ± 26.9 | 18.1 ± 29.4 | 1.6 ± 31.2 | 20.0 ± 49.7 | 20.5 ± 40.8 | 0.5 ± 35.1 | 0.016 | 0.900 |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; CST: Chair Stand Test; TUG: Timed Up-and-Go test; GDS-15: 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale. aSignificant group difference (p < 0.05), bSignificant preintervention to postintervention difference (p < 0.05).