Table 3.
Comparisons of self-efficacy, PA and weight status between elementary school (2008/09) and junior high/high school (2015/16)
| APPLE Schoolsa† (Difference between graduates, 2015/16 and students, 2008/09) | Comparison schoolsa† (Difference between graduates, 2015/16 and students, 2008/09) | Difference between graduates, 2015/16 and students, 2008/09 in APPLE Schools relative to comparison schoolsa‡ (group x time interaction) |
ICC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-efficacy (coefficient and 95% CI)b | ||||
| Self-efficacy for healthy eating (β and 95% CI) | 0.14 (−0.22,0.49) | 0.30 (− 0.02, 0.62) | − 0.16 (− 0.47, 0.14) | 0.048 |
| Self-efficacy for PA (β and 95% CI) | 0.18 (− 0.010, 0.47) | −0.001 (− 0.27, 0.27) | 0.19 (− 0.09, 0.45) | 0.007 |
| PA (coefficient and 95% CI) | ||||
| Typical week, steps/d | − 776 (− 2171, 620) | − 1571 (− 2912, − 230) | 795 (− 317, 1908) | 0.085 |
| School days, steps/d | − 608 (− 2160, 944) | − 1260 (− 2747, 227) | 652 (− 582, 1886) | 0.096 |
| Non-school days, steps/d | − 1150 (− 2985, 686) | − 1882 (− 3638, − 125) | 732 (− 770, 2235) | 0.042 |
| School hours, steps/h | 54 (−76, 184) | −32 (−154, 90) | 86 (−17, 186) | 0.182 |
| Non-school hours, steps/h | −235 (− 369, −102) | − 244 (− 374, −114) | 8 (−101, 117) | 0.041 |
| Weight status (odds ratio and 95% CI) | ||||
| Overweight | 0.82 (0.44, 1.54) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.56) | 0.96 (0.54, 1.72) | 0.017 |
| Obesity | 1.35 (0.59, 3.12) | 2.36 (1.07, 5.20) | 0.57 (0.27, 1.20) | 0.039 |
aModel adjusted for gender, age, parental educational attainment, household income, and geographic location
bUsed factor scores from the confirmatory factor analyses
†Negative values of β and OR values below 1 indicate a lower value of the outcome in graduates relative to students
‡Negative values of β and OR values below 1 indicate a lower value of the outcome in APPLE Schools relative to comparison schools between 2008/09 and 2015/16