a, Left, depiction of the aromatic box in the HP1 chromodomain binding trimethyllysine (KMe3) of histone 3 (H3: Y, tyrosine; W, tryptophan). Green, HP1 chromodomain carbon; blue, nitrogen; red, oxygen; black, H3 carbon. Right, binding of HP1 chromodomain to wild-type H3 (unmodified) and a series of mutants (tBuNle9, tert-butyl norleucine; K9Me1, methyllysine; K9Me2, dimethyllysine; K9Me3 trimethyllysine). Reprinted from ref. 52, National Academy of Sciences, USA. b, Proposed mechanism for hopene synthesis from squalene. c, Nucleophilic ring opening of episulfonium ions is stabilized by a cation–π interaction: top, reaction; middle, transition state; bottom, effect of catalyst substituents on product enantiomeric excess.