Table 3.
Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Based on Change in SOFA Score From Day 1 to Day 2
| Variable | No Change in SOFA (n=2301) | Decreasing SOFA (n=3157) | Increasing SOFA (n=1334) | Left CICU on Day 1 (n=3169) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 66.7±15.1 | 68.0±15.1 | 68.2±14.9 | 67.2±15.5 | 0.0040 |
| Female sex | 888 (38.6) | 1166 (36.9) | 489 (36.7) | 1189 (37.5) | 0.5717 |
| White race | 2144 (93.2) | 2937 (93.0) | 1221 (91.5) | 2899 (91.5) | 0.0295 |
| Admission source | <0.001 | ||||
| Procedural laboratory | 925 (40.2) | 1077 (34.1) | 571 (42.8) | 1394 (44.0) | |
| Transfer | 653 (28.4) | 977 (31.0) | 380 (28.5) | 703 (22.2) | |
| Emergency department | 340 (14.8) | 492 (15.6) | 169 (12.7) | 392 (12.4) | |
| Floor | 332 (14.4) | 509 (16.1) | 175 (13.1) | 583 (18.4) | |
| Other | 51 (2.2) | 102 (3.2) | 39 (2.9) | 97 (3.1) | |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 467 (20.3) | 643 (20.4) | 289 (21.8) | 573 (18.2) | 0.0216 |
| Prior heart failure | 400 (17.4) | 747 (23.7) | 254 (19.1) | 548 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Prior diabetes mellitus | 671 (26.8) | 989 (31.4) | 384 (28.9) | 833 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| Prior lung disease | 415 (18.1) | 632 (20.1) | 259 (19.5) | 629 (19.9) | 0.2589 |
| Prior cancer | 469 (20.4) | 719 (22.8) | 282 (21.2) | 651 (20.6) | 0.0992 |
| Prior stroke | 263 (11.4) | 422 (13.4) | 159 (12.0) | 383 (12.1) | 0.1560 |
| Prior moderate‐severe CKD | 415 (18.1) | 781 (24.8) | 254 (19.1) | 571 (18.1) | <0.001 |
| CCI | 5.4±3.2 | 6.0±3.4 | 5.7±3.2 | 5.5±3.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.4±7.1 | 29.7±7.1 | 29.4±6.7 | 29.4±7.2 | 0.2639 |
| CICU LOS, d | 3.1±5.5 | 3.3±4.8 | 3.8±6.2 | 0.7±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Hospital LOS, d | 7.7±10.7 | 9.5±16.9 | 9.6±14.7 | 5.7±8.9 | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilator use | 180 (7.8) | 840 (26.6) | 251 (18.8) | 334 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilator use, d | 0.26±1.51 | 0.62±1.83 | 0.62±1.94 | 0.03±0.13 | <0.001 |
| Noninvasive ventilator use | 304 (13.2) | 712 (22.6) | 246 (18.4) | 227 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Noninvasive ventilator use, d | 0.21±0.92 | 0.28±0.97 | 0.33±1.22 | 0.02±0.09 | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor/inotrope use on CICU day 1 | 930 (29.5) | 192 (14.4) | 439 (13.9) | 209 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| CRRT use | 31 (1.4) | 68 (2.2) | 59 (4.4) | 9 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| APACHE‐III score | 55.4±19.3 | 69.4±26.4 | 60.5±22.6 | 57.5±26.8 | <0.001 |
| APACHE‐IV predicted mortality | 0.124±0.145 | 0.233±0.228 | 0.164±0.182 | 0.141±0.197 | <0.001 |
| Day 1 SOFA score | 2.32±2.17 | 5.07±3.34 | 2.82±2.68 | 2.91±3.10 | <0.001 |
| Day 2 SOFA score | 2.32±2.17 | 2.60±2.68 | 4.80±3.08 | NA | <0.001 |
| Maximum day 1+day 2 SOFA score | 2.32±2.17 | 5.07±3.34 | 4.79±3.08 | 2.91±3.10 | <0.001 |
| Mean day 1+day 2 SOFA score | 2.32±2.17 | 3.84±2.89 | 3.81±2.80 | 2.91±3.10 | <0.001 |
| Change in SOFA score (day 1 to day 2) | 0.00±0.00 | −2.47±1.80 | 1.97±1.38 | NA | <0.001 |
| Maximum week 1 SOFA score | 2.65±2.52 | 5.19±3.42 | 5.13±3.34 | 2.91±3.10 | <0.001 |
| Day 1 SOFA score <2 | 1162 (50.5) | 428 (13.6) | 567 (42.5) | 1422 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| Admission systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 123.7±24.8 | 120.8±27.2 | 125.6±26.5 | 123.9±26.2 | <0.001 |
| Admission heart rate, bpm | 80.6±22.3 | 83.6±23.8 | 83.3±24.7 | 81.0±23.0 | <0.001 |
| Admission shock index, bpm/mm Hg | 0.68±0.26 | 0.73±0.27 | 0.69±0.27 | 0.68±0.27 | <0.001 |
| Admission oxygen saturation, % | 96.2±4.8 | 95.3±6.2 | 95.8±5.7 | 95.7±6.7 | <0.001 |
Patients without a day 2 SOFA score are classified as “left CICU on day 1.” P values are for the χ2 test (categorical variables) or ANOVA (continuous variables). APACHE indicates Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CICU, cardiac intensive care unit; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; LOS, length of stay; NA, not applicable; and SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.