Table 2.

ORs and 95% CIs of Subclinical Coronary Calcification (CAC ≥100 vs <100) by Categories of Coffee Consumption Considering Smoking Status and Coffee Intake Interaction (ELSA‐Brasil, São Paulo, 2008–2010)

CAC Score Category, OR (95% CI)	Coffee Consumption, Number of 50‐mL Cups/d
	Never/Almost Never	≤1	1–3	>3	P for Trenda	P for Interactiona , b
CAC ≥100 vs <100
No. of cases	113	92	198	38
Total population (without interaction term)
Model 1 (crude)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.80 (0.60–1.07)	0.84 (0.66–1.08)	0.60 (0.41–0.89)	0.027	—
Model 2 (adjusted)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.89 (0.61–1.30)	0.86 (0.63–1.19)	0.51 (0.30–0.86)	0.039	—
Total population (with interaction term)
Model 1 (crude)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.82 (0.61–1.11)	0.84 (0.61–1.13)	0.70 (0.40–1.23)	0.219	0.300
Model 2 (adjusted)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.85 (0.58–1.24)	0.73 (0.51–1.05)	0.33 (0.17–0.65)	0.015	0.028

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race or skin color, educational attainment, body mass index, physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, saturated fat, total energy intake, consumption of fruit, vegetable and tea intake, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and use of antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and cholesterol‐lowering medications. CAC indicates coronary artery calcium; CI, confidence interval; ELSA‐Brasil indicates Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.

^a P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

^bInteraction between coffee consumption and smoking status.