Table 3.
ORs and 95% CIs of Subclinical Coronary Calcification (CAC ≥100 vs <100) in Never, Former, and Current Smokers by Categories of Coffee Consumption (ELSA‐Brasil, São Paulo, 2008–2010)
| CAC Score Category | Coffee Consumption, Number of 50‐mL Cups/d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (CAC ≥100 vs <100), OR (95% CI) | Never/Almost Never | ≤1 | 1–3 | >3 | P for Trenda |
| Never smokers | |||||
| No. of participants | 584 | 579 | 939 | 258 | |
| No. of cases | 54 | 39 | 68 | 17 | |
| Model 1 (crude) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | 0.71 (0.48–1.05) | 0.44 (0.23–0.84) | 0.007 |
| Model 2 (adjusted) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.18 (0.63–2.20) | 0.81 (0.47–1.37) | 0.37 (0.15–0.91) | 0.036 |
| Former smokers | |||||
| No. of participants | 296 | 281 | 610 | 169 | |
| No. of cases | 47 | 41 | 72 | 13 | |
| Model 1 (crude) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.71 (0.46–1.09) | 0.77 (0.53–1.11) | 0.69 (0.39–1.22) | 0.157 |
| Model 2 (adjusted) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.82 (0.46–1.45) | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.55 (0.23–1.31) | 0.276 |
| Current smokers | |||||
| No. of participants | 91 | 99 | 432 | 88 | |
| No. of cases | 12 | 12 | 58 | 8 | |
| Model 1 (crude) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.38–2.13) | 1.02 (0.52–1.98) | 0.66 (0.25–1.70) | 0.634 |
| Model 2 (adjusted) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.75 (0.25–2.29) | 1.19 (0.50–2.83) | 0.68 (0.21–2.16) | 0.976 |
Models 2: adjusted for age, sex, race or skin color, educational attainment, body mass index, physical activity level, alcohol consumption, saturated fat, total energy intake, consumption of fruit, vegetable and tea intake, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and use of antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and cholesterol‐lowering medications. CAC indicates coronary artery calcium; CI, confidence interval; ELSA‐Brasil indicates Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference.
P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.