Table 2.
Risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens in patients with liver cirrhosis and infection.
| Author/Year/Geographic Area (Ref) | Kind of infections | Prevalence and kind of MDRO | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Merli/2015/Italy (9) | All bacterial infections | 51% | Antibiotic prophylaxis; HA or HCA infections |
| Kim/2013/Korea (25) | Community-onset SBP | 32% of FQ resistant E.coli | FQ use (30dd); Previous SBP episode; Third-generation cephalosporin resistance |
| Fernandez/2012/Spain (4)/ first series | All bacterial infections | Nosocomial origin of infection; Long-term norfloxacinprophylaxis; Recent infection by multi-resistant bacteria; Recent use of b-lactams | |
| Chaulk/2013/Canada (26) | SBP | 19% third-generation cephalosporin resistance | Nosocomial acquisition of infection |
| Song/2009/Korea (27) | SBP | 7% ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae | Nosocomial acquisition; Previous SBP episode |
| Alexopolu/2012/Greece (28) | SBP | 24% | MELD score; HCA; Quinolone prophylaxis |
| Ariza/2012/Spain (29) | HA and HCA SBP | 42% third generation cephalosporine resistance of HA SBP | Diabetes mellitus; Upper GI bleeding; Hospital acquired; Previous 3rd Gen Cephalosporine use |
MDRO, multidrug-resistant organisms; HA hospital associated; HCA healthcare associated; FQ fluoroquinolone; SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; ESBL extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; MELD Model for End- Stage Liver Disease; GI gastrointestinal