Table 1.
Association between smoking status and biochemical measurements (adjusted for age and sex)
| Groups | No smoker (n: 6742) | Ex-smoker (n: 976) | Cigarette smoking (n: 864) | Hookah smoking (n: 1067) | Cigarette and hookah (n: 41) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FBG1 (mg/dl) | 92.65 ± 38.71 | 96.78 ± 43.26 | 87.59 ± 33.86ab | 93.60 ± 42.43c | 94.85 ± 47.02 | 0.013 |
| TG2 (mg/dl) | 117 (83–170) | 128 (90.5–177.5) | 122 (86–180) | 121 (88–171) | 122 (96–186) | 0.125 |
| Cholesterol1 (mg/dl) | 192.41 ± 39.36 | 191.10 ± 38.76 | 184.18 ± 39.4a | 190.53 ± 37.6a | 189.27 ± 37.25 | 0.045 |
| LDL1 (mg/dl) | 116.77 ± 35.53 | 117.18 ± 35.45 | 112.42 ± 34.93 | 117.48 ± 33.63 | 109.03 ± 35.39 | 0.9 |
| HDL1 (mg/dl) | 43.63 ± 10 | 41.96 ± 10.18 | 38.77 ± 9.22ab | 42.53 ± 9.04ab | 41.11 ± 9.65 | < 0.001 |
| Uric acid1 (mg/dl) | 4.62 ± 1.4 | 4.91 ± 1.45 | 5 ± 1.34ab | 4.36 ± 1.32c | 5.37 ± 1.6c | < 0.001 |
| Serum urea1 (mg/dl) | 12.93 ± 4.28 | 13.54 ± 4.2 | 13.48 ± 4.22 | 12.52 ± 4.05 | 13.8 ± 5.57 | 0.63 |
| Cr1 (mg/dl) | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.90 ± 0.24 | 0.93 ± 0.25 | 0.84 ± 0.27 | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 0.65 |
| GFR3 ml/min | ||||||
| < 60 | 119 (2.7%) | 28 (4.4%) | 33 (5.7%) | 10 (1.5%) | 1 (3.3%) | < 0.001 |
| > 60 | 4364 (97.3%) | 605 (95.6%) | 546 (94.3%) | 646 (98.5%) | 29 (96.7%) | |
| hsCRP2 (mg/l) | 1.62 (0.98–3.51) | 1.55 (1–3.35) | 1.71 (1.06–3.89) | 1.63 (1.04–3.46) | 2.02 (1.1–4.65) | < 0.001 |
aNo-smoker vs ex-smoker, cigarette, hookah
bEx-smoker vs cigarette, hookah
cCigarette vs hookah
1Mean ± SD
2Median (min–max)
3Number (%)