Table 4.
The relative risk of being an ex-smoker, or hookah and cigarette smoking associated with biochemical measurements, CBC parameters and different metabolic disorders; the reference group is non-smokers
| Groups | Reference group and ex-smoker | Reference group and cigarette | Reference group and hookah | Reference group and cigarette and hookah |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FBG | 1.003 (1.001–1.005)*** | 0.999 (0.995–1.002) | 0.999 (0.995–1.002) | 1.005 (0.996–1.014) |
| Cholesterol | 1 (0.998–1.003) | 1.002 (0.999–1.005) | 1.005 (0.989–1.010) | 0.997 (0.985–1.009) |
| Uric acid | 0.939 (0.998–1.015) | 0.921 (0.823–1.007) | 0.898 (0.823–0.979)*** | 1.114 (1.1–1.307)* |
| Hs-CRP | 1.007 (0.998–1.016) | 1.005 (0.994–1.016) | 1.041 (0.991–1.067) | 1.019 (0.991–1.048) |
| HDL | 0.998 (0.986–1.009) | 0.978 (0.965–0.991)*** | 0.923 (0.865–1.007) | 1.001 (0.995–1.049) |
| GFR | 1.013 (0.655–1.567) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 1.21 (0.627–2.35) | 1.064 (0.139–8.15) |
| WBC | 1.145 (1.069–1.225)*** | 1.509 (1.406–1.629)*** | 1.34 (0.906–1.242) | 1.140 (0.849–1.513) |
| RBC | 1.079 (0.425–2.733) | 0.642 (0.298–1.386) | 0.865 (0.453–1.34) | 2.854 (0.27–30.151) |
| HGB | 0.993 (0.709–1.391) | 1.235 (0.960–1.589) | 1.15 (0.934–1.789) | 0.873 (0.357–2.135) |
| HCT | 1.005 (0.988–1.022) | 1.005 (0.972–1.039) | 1.015 (0.989–1.139) | 1.010 (0.93–1.097) |
| MCV | 1.051 (1–1.103)* | 1.077 (1.009–1.148)* | 1.047 (0.109–1.248) | 1.380 (1.126–1.692)** |
| MCH | 0.918 (0.765–1.101) | 0.845 (0.714–1) | 0.945 (0.814–1.32) | 0.636 (0.395–1.024) |
| PLT | 1 (0.999–1.002) | 0.996 (0.994–0.998)** | 0.996 (0.785–1.098)* | 1.002 (0.995–1.010) |
| RDW | 1.008 (0.969–1.048) | 1.089 (1.043–1.138)*** | 1.103 (1.003–1.148)* | 0.923 (0.777–1.096) |
| CVD | 1.605 (1.335–1.931)*** | 1.42 (1.13–1.79)** | 1.022 (0.838–1.24) | 0.991 (0.347–2.83) |
| Obesitya | ||||
| Obese | 1.021 (0.847–1.23) | 0.474 (0.377–0.597)*** | 1.31 (1.096–1.572)** | 1.018 (0.38–2.72) |
| Over weight | 0.937 (0.794–1.105) | 0.57 (0.483–0.673)*** | 1.096 (0.918–1.307) | 1.61 (0.76–3.41) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.17 (1.013–1.35)* | 0.82 (0.69–0.97)* | 1.29 (1.12–1.48)*** | 1.134 (0.58–2.19) |
| Diabetes | 0.79 (0.65–0.95)* | 1.14 (1.12–1.88)** | 0.75 (0.63–0.9)** | 0.71 (0.56–1.42) |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.93 (0.8–1.08) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94)** | 0.57 (0.26–1.25) |
Adjusted odds ratios with age and sex, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) obtained from multiple logistic regression tests. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
aReference is normal BMI