Table 1.
Influenza surveillance systems and estimates of influenza vaccine coverage in fifteen Asia‐Pacific countries
| Country | Influenza surveillance systems | Doses distributed per 1000 populationa | Influenza vaccine coverage | Recommendation | National immunization program | Recommending body |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia19, 95, 96 | State and Territory‐based Influenza surveillance: General Practice Sentinel Surveillance, Influenza Complications Alert network, Emergency Department, Hospital Mortality, and Laboratory surveillance | 299.73 (2013) | 39% of adults ≥ 18 years, 73% of 65+ (2014) | All individuals from 6 months | Reimbursed for 65+, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, pregnant women, chronic disease | Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunization |
| Cambodia32, 33, 97 | National Influenza Center: ILI sentinel surveillance and hospital‐based ALRI surveillance since 2006 | 2.21 (2013) | 12% among ILI patients (May 2010‐Dec 2012) | None | No | Ministry of Health |
| China17, 18, 19, 98, 99 | National Influenza Center: ILI sentinel and hospital‐based surveillance since 2000 | 7.81 (2013) | 9.0% (2011) overall, 7.4% in 60+years 9.4% chronic disease 9.5% healthcare workers 26% in children 16 doses/1000 in Shanghai (Zhao 2015) Highest (108 doses/1000 population) in Beijing where vaccination is free or subsidized for some age groups | Healthcare workers, elderly 60+, pregnant women, children from 6 years | No national recommendation | National Health and Family Planning Commission |
| Indonesia45, 100 | ILI sentinel surveillance, enhanced surveillance for seasonal, and avian influenza in East Jakarta | 1.81 (2011) | No reports identified | Prior to Hajj | No | Indonesian Technical Advisory Group on Immunization, Indonesian Pediatrician Association, Adult Immunization Task Force, Medicine Specialist Association of Indonesia |
| Laos19, 98 | Laboratory‐based surveillance from 2007, hospital‐based surveillance (3‐8 sites) of pneumonia from 2008. Department of Health | 15.21 (2013) | No reports identified | Healthcare workers, elderly 50+, pregnant women, chronic disease, children | ? | Ministry of Health |
| Malaysia19, 98, 101 | Sentinel surveillance for ILI (OPD) and SARI (hospital) Coordinated by the Surveillance Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health | 7.48 (2013) | 7.2% of HCW in 2011 | Healthcare workers, chronic disease, elderly with ≥ 1 chronic disease, Hajj pilgrims | No | Ministry of Health |
| Myanmar100 | None | None recorded (2001) | No reports identified | ‐ | No | ‐ |
| New Zealand19, 102, 103 | National Influenza surveillance: General Practice Sentinel Surveillance of ILI, Laboratory‐based surveillance | 312.5 (2013) | 67.5% of 65+ (2014), 66% of healthcare workers (2015) | All individuals from 6 months | Reimbursed for Children 6 months‐ < 5 with respiratory condition, 65+, pregnant women, chronic disease | Ministry of Health |
| Philippines19, 98, 104 | Sentinel surveillance for ILI (outpatient) and SARI (outpatient and hospital‐based), laboratory‐based surveillance, Department of Health | 35.28 (2013) | No reports identified | Healthcare workers, chronic disease, elderly 60+, pregnant women, children (6 m ‐ 18 years) | Reimbursed for elderly 60+ indigent population in 2014‐15 | Department of Health. Input and advice from Philippine Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines, Philippine Foundation for Vaccination |
| PNG19, 98 | PNG National Influenza Centre, ILI surveillance in 2 hospitals | 0 (2013) | No reports identified | None | No | Ministry of Health |
| Singapore19,62,98,105,106 | Outpatient (polyclinic and ED) attendance and admissions for ARI, influenza virus surveillance by National Influenza Centre | 78.48 (2013) | 30.6% among diabetics (2007) | Healthcare workers, chronic disease, elderly 65+, pregnant women, children (6 m ‐ 5 years), Children 6‐18 m on long‐term aspirin, residents of nursing homes | No | Ministry of Health |
| South Korea19, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 | Korean Influenza Surveillance System (KISS) (ILI surveillance at 630 sentinel clinics and 396 laboratories), Hospital‐based Influenza Morbidity and Mortality (HIMM) and inpatient surveillance (ED surveillance) | 335.7 (2013) | 34.3% in the general population, 61.3% high‐risk groups (2005), 82.4% of 65+ year‐olds (2016) | Elderly 65+, pregnant women, chronic diseases, children 6 m‐5 years, residents of nursing homes and long‐term care facilities, healthcare workers, children 6 m‐18 years on long‐term aspirin, adults 50‐64 years, household contacts and caregivers those at risk | Reimbursed for 65+, financially vulnerable, handicapped individuals, soldier, children 6‐59 ms | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| Taiwan112, 113 | Taiwan National Influenza Surveillance System (NISS): laboratory surveillance, sentinel ED and OPD ILI surveillance, case‐based surveillance of influenza with complications and deaths | 40% <3 years of age 80% in adults (2012) | All individuals from 6 months | Reimbursed for high‐risk groups and 65+ years | Centers for Disease Control | |
| Thailand72, 100, 114, 115, 116 | Sentinel surveillance for ILI (outpatient) and SARI (hospital‐based), Thai National Institute of Health | 103.3 (2011) | 30% of 6 m‐2 years (2011‐2012), 9% of ≥50s hospitalized with ARI | Healthcare workers, 65+ underlying disease, children 6 m‐2 years, pregnant women, obese | Reimbursed for high‐risk groups and 65+ years | Ministry of Public Health |
| Vietnam59, 98, 100 | National Influenza Surveillance System (NISS) since 2006. Sentinel surveillance for ILI (outpatient) | None recorded | No reports identified | Healthcare workers, chronic disease, elderly 65+, children from 6 m | No | Ministry of Health |
CAP, community‐acquired pneumonia; ED, emergency department; HCAP, healthcare‐associated pneumonia; ICU, intensive care unit; ILI, influenza‐like illness; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infections; NA, aot applicable; OPD, outpatient department; PNG, Papua New Guinea; P&I, pneumonia and influenza; RTI, respiratory tract infection; SARI, severe acute respiratory illness.
a
Pertains to trivalent influenza vaccines.