Table 3.
Associations Between Giardia Detection and Markers of Inflammation and Gut Permeability in All Stool Samples Among 2076 Children in the MAL-ED Cohort With at Least 1 Biomarker Measurement
| Site | LMZ Differencea (95% CI) (n = 4203) |
ALA Differencea (95% CI) (n = 24769) | MPO Differencea (95% CI) (n = 24769) | NEO Differencea (95% CI) (n = 24769) |
AGP Differencea (95% CI) (n = 3550) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BGD | 0.29 (0.00 to 0.59) | 0.1 (−0.06 to 0.27) | −0.22 (−0.43 to −0.02) | −0.07 (−0.35 to 0.21) | −0.44 (−12.01 to 11.14) |
| BRF | 0.03 (−0.28 to 0.35) | 0.00 (−0.22 to 0.23) | −0.18 (−0.46 to 0.09) | −0.20 (−0.42 to 0.02) | 3.53 (−10.99 to 18.05) |
| INV | 0.25 (0.04 to 0.46) | −0.08 (−0.2 to 0.03) | 0.00 (−0.12 to 0.13) | −0.12 (−0.23 to −0.01) | −1.05 (−8.66 to 6.57) |
| NEB | 0.18 (−0.15 to 0.51) | 0.11 (−0.03 to 0.24) | 0.01 (−0.14 to 0.16) | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.01) | −1.05 (−11.62 to 9.51) |
| PEL | 0.23 (0.07 to 0.39) | −0.02 (−0.16 to 0.11) | −0.12 (−0.25 to 0.02) | −0.19 (−0.30 to −0.08) | −5.59 (−15.91 to 4.74) |
| PKN | 0.19 (0.01 to 0.38) | 0.05 (−0.06 to 0.16) | 0.00 (−0.11 to 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.09 to 0.10) | 7.39 (0.35 to 14.43) |
| SAV | 0.17 (−0.27 to 0.61) | −0.01 (−0.19 to 0.18) | 0.07 (−0.11 to 0.25) | −0.20 (−0.38 to −0.01) | 4.45 (−11.05 to 19.94) |
| TZH | 0.01 (−0.42 to 0.44) | 0.01 (−0.13 to 0.15) | −0.06 (−0.19 to 0.08) | −0.23 (−0.39 to −0.07) | 5.20 (−7.40 to 17.80) |
| All | 0.22 (0.12 to 0.32) | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.01) | −0.09 (−0.14 to −0.03) | −0.11 (−0.16 to −0.06) | 1.83 (−1.82 to 5.47) |
Abbreviations: AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein (mg/dL); BGD, Dhaka, Bangladesh; BRF, Fortaleza, Brazil; CI, confidence interval; INV, Vellore, India; LMZ, urinary lactulose/mannitol excretion ratio z score (BRF cohort was the internal reference population); ALA, α-1-antitrypsin (log[mg/g]); MPO, myeloperoxidase (log[ng/mL]); NEB, Bhaktapur, Nepal; NEO: neopterin (log[nmol/L]); PEL, Loreto, Peru; PKN, Naushahro Feroze, Pakistan; SAV, Venda, South Africa; TZH, Haydom, Tanzania.
aAdjusted for site, age, stool consistency, sex, WAMI (Water, Assets, Maternal Education, Income) score, mother’s age, presence of siblings, water treatment, routine hand-washing after child defecation, use of toilet paper, dirt floor, ownership of chickens, percent exclusive breastfeeding, and presence of enteroaggregative E coli and/or Campylobacter in stool sample.