Fig 4. Change in healthcare costs during and after the study period between pharmacist-led group visits and standard care.

When compared to baseline, the change in VHA healthcare costs was similar between the study arms during the 13 months of study interventions. Comparison of change in VHA healthcare costs 13 months after the intervention period versus 13 months of the intervention period, significant reductions in the overall VHA health service costs were found for the group visit arm whereas a steady rise in cost was found for the standard care arm.