Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study patients.
| Mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated | Group Visits (n = 117) | Standard Care (n = 133) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 65.8 ± 8.7 | 65.0 ± 9.8 |
| Male sex | 95.7 | 96.2 |
| Race | ||
| • Caucasian (%) | 75.0 | 78.2 |
| • African American (%) | 10.3 | 11.3 |
| • Asian Pacific Islander (%) | 12.9 | 6.0 |
| • Hispanic (%) | 0 | 3.0 |
| • Unknown (%) | 1.7 | 1.5 |
| Duration of Diabetes (years) | 13.5 ± 9.4 | 12.4 ± 9.9 |
| Body mass index (Kg/m2) | 32.8 ± 0.5 | 33.4 ± 0.6 |
| Average number of hospitalizations 13 months prior to the study | 0.4 ± 1 | 0.1 ± 0.4 |
| Hypertension (%) | 92.3 | 85.0 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 87.2 | 91.0 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 39.3 | 43.6 |
| Stroke (%) | 10.3 | 3.8 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 10.3 | 9.8 |
| COPD (%) | 11.1 | 15.8 |
| Anxiety disorder (%) | 32.5 | 29.3 |
| Mood disorder (%) | 35.9 | 39.1 |
| Schizophrenia/affective (%) | 0.9 | 2.3 |
| Nephropathy (%) | 10.3 | 9.0 |
| Neurophathy (%) | 35.0 | 30.8 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 19.7 | 12.8 |
| Active smoker (%) | 21.4 | 27.1 |
| Previous participation into DM self-care management programs (%) | 27.0 | 20.0 |
| Previous participation into VHA weight loss program (MOVE!) (%) | 3.4 | 6.0 |
| UKPDS 10-yr Coronary Risk | 0.35 ± 0.19 | 0.36 ± 0.20 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.5 ± 19.0 | 136.2 ± 17.4 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.1 ± 11.4 | 75.3 ± 10.5 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 155.2 ± 33.5 | 165.3 ± 39.7 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 37.8 ± 10.9 | 38.1 ± 9.5 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 87.6 ± 29.8 | 93.7 ± 33.7 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 8.2 ± 1.5 | 8.2 ± 1.3 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
| Microalbumin/creatinine ratio | 198.4 ± 581.6 | 114.3 ± 267.4 |
| SF-36v Physical component scale | 39.2 ± 9.7 | 39.3 ± 9.8 |
| SF-36v Mental component scale | 48.8 ± 11.0 | 50.4±11.7 |
| Healthcare Costs 13 months before the study, $ | 22062 ± 67524 | 15200 ± 23812 |
SI conversion factors: cholesterol mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; creatinine mg/dL to umol/L, multiply by 88.4 . Abbreviations: COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM = Diabetes, UKPDS = United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Coronary Event Risk score