Figure 3.

Hyperpolarized lactate generation in activated RAW264.7 cell suspensions. A, Hyperpolarized MR experiments in RAW264.7 cell suspensions demonstrated high lactate signal and label flux rates in activated cells, which was normalized by 2-DG (2-deoxyglucose; 80×10⁶ cells per biological replicate; mean±SEM; n=5–6 evaluable datasets per group; 1-way ANOVA with the Holm–Sidak correction for multiple comparisons; PBS; lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). [¹³C]lactate signal intensity curves (normalized to [1-¹³C]pyruvate signal) after [1-¹³C]pyruvate injection are presented; shaded region denotes SEM. [¹³C]lactate label flux rates were derived by kinetic modeling of the spectroscopic data multiplied by the final pyruvate concentration in solution. B, LPS caused regulation of a panel of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines, which were attenuated after administration of 2-DG. Similar patterns of gene regulation were demonstrated in primary murine spleen-derived macrophages (Online Figure II). *P≤0.05, **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001. IL indicates interleukin.