Table 4.
Bootstrap estimates of the standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the indirect effects.
| Indirect effects | b | SE | CI (lower) | CI (upper) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1: FTND | ||||
| PANIC → PANAS →FTND (a1*b1) | −0.001 | 0.031 | −0.061 | 0.065 |
| PANIC → RFS-NA →FTND (a2*b2) | −0.023 | 0.085 | −0.199 | 0.136 |
| PANIC → PANAS → RFS-NA → FTND (a1*a3*b2) | 0.039 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.097 |
| Model 2: BCS | ||||
| PANIC → PANAS → BCS (a1*b1) | 0.257 | 0.443 | −0.613 | 10.147 |
| PANIC → RFS-NA → BCS (a2*b2) | −0.156 | 0.421 | −10.001 | 0.662 |
| PANIC → PANAS → RFS-NA → BCS (a1*a3*b2) | 0.195 | 0.105 | 0.043 | 0.479 |
| Model 3: AIS | ||||
| PANIC → PANAS → AIS (a1*b1) | −0.030 | 0.417 | −0.866 | 0.770 |
| PANIC → RFS-NA → AIS (a2*b2) | −0.150 | 0.400 | −0.947 | 0.630 |
| PANIC → PANAS → RFS-NA → AIS (a1*a3*b2) | 0.188 | 0.099 | 0.041 | 0.445 |
| Model 4: CO | ||||
| PANIC → PANAS → CO (a1*b1) | −0.111 | 0.272 | −0.721 | 0.367 |
| PANIC → RFS-NA → CO (a2*b2) | −0.070 | 0.181 | −0.497 | 0.240 |
| PANIC → PANAS → RFS-NA → CO (a1*a3*b2) | 0.071 | 0.050 | 0.010 | 0.230 |
Models 1–3 (n = 461); Models 4 (n = 437).
PANIC (Panic attack history; 0 =no, 1 = yes) is the independent variable (X), PANAS (PANAS-Negative Affect; M1) and RFS-NA (RFS-Negative Affect Reduction subscale; M2) are the mediators, and FTND (Nicotine dependence; Y1), BCS (Barriers to Smoking Cessation total score; Y2), AIS (Affective inflexibility; Y3), and CO (Expired CO breath sample; Y4) are the outcomes. a1*b1 and a2*b2 = Specific indirect effects of M1 and M2; a1*a3*b2 = Conditional indirect effect of M1 and M2. The 95% CIs for indirect effects were obtained by bootstrapping with 10 000 resamples. CI (lower) = lower bound of a 95% confidence interval; CI (upper) =upper bound; → =affects.