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Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) (a) male, (b) female. Scale (a,b) 5 mm. (c) A female M. polymorpha grabbing water. (d) An ‘inverted’ model composed of a real stalk-eliminated liverwort cap with a needle capturing a droplet (when drawn out of a water bath). (e–g) Morphology of water at the maximal grabbing state in our three-dimensional printing plastic model; (e) view from the bottom, (f) and (g) view from the sides. (Online version in colour.)
