Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for psychosocial outcomes between ages 16–20 in relation with the presence of psychotic experiences (PEs) and depression at age 12
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Education and employment | ||||||
| Did not obtain ≥ 5 GCSEs A*– C (n = 3799) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 1.70 (1.33–2.17) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.11–1.99) | 0.007 | 1.45 (1.08–1.96) | 0.015 |
| Depression at 12 | 1.60 (1.13–2.27) | 0.008 | 1.70 (1.10–2.60) | 0.015 | 1.63 (1.06–2.50) | 0.026 |
| Did not obtain ≥ 3 A levels A*–C (n = 3052) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 1.33 (1.03–1.71) | 0.028 | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 0.243 | 1.29 (0.97–1.73) | 0.085 |
| Depression at 12 | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) | 0.802 | 1.06 (0.71–1.58) | 0.767 | 1.03 (0.69–1.54) | 0.880 |
| NEET at 20 (n = 2361) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 2.09 (1.29–3.38) | 0.003 | 1.90 (1.16–3.10) | 0.011 | 1.54 (0.92–2.58) | 0.101 |
| Depression at 12 | 2.30 (1.23–4.32) | 0.009 | 2.06 (1.08–3.95) | 0.029 | 1.79 (0.92–3.48) | 0.087 |
| Social functioning | ||||||
| Peer problems at 16 (n = 3408) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 1.93 (1.35–2.76) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.05–2.21) | 0.028 | 1.28 (0.86–1.89) | 0.221 |
| Depression at 12 | 2.45 (1.54–3.90) | < 0.001 | 1.99 (1.22–3.24) | 0.006 | 1.87 (1.14–3.06) | 0.014 |
| Friends dissatisfaction at 18 (n = 2536) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 1.42 (0.97–2.09) | 0.070 | 1.36 (0.92–2.00) | 0.118 | 1.13 (0.76–1.69) | 0.540 |
| Depression at 12 | 1.85 (1.14–3.02) | 0.014 | 1.75 (1.07–2.86) | 0.026 | 1.71 (1.04–2.81) | 0.036 |
| Substance use | ||||||
| Harmful drinking at 18 (n = 2430) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 1.17 (0.60–2.28) | 0.654 | 1.13 (0.57–2.22) | 0.726 | 0.87 (0.43–1.74) | 0.693 |
| Depression at 12 | 2.15 (1.01–4.57) | 0.046 | 2.13 (1.00–4.56) | 0.051 | 2.12 (0.98–4.57) | 0.056 |
| Problem cannabis use at 18 (n = 2602) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 0.70 (0.32–1.52) | 0.367 | 0.63 (0.29–1.39) | 0.252 | 0.54 (0.24–1.20) | 0.128 |
| Depression at 12 | 1.85 (0.88–3.91) | 0.106 | 1.88 (0.88–4.04) | 0.105 | 2.00 (0.93–4.33) | 0.078 |
| Smoking regularly at 18 (n = 2627) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 1.32 (0.95–1.84) | 0.093 | 1.21 (0.87–1.69) | 0.260 | 1.11 (0.79–1.56) | 0.559 |
| Depression at 12 | 1.38 (0.88–2.17) | 0.163 | 1.27 (0.80–2.01) | 0.307 | 1.23 (0.78–1.95) | 0.378 |
| Used other drugs at 18 (n = 2603) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 1.21 (0.83–1.76) | 0.331 | 1.24 (0.85–1.82) | 0.269 | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) | 0.553 |
| Depression at 12 | 1.30 (0.78–2.17) | 0.322 | 1.36 (0.81–2.29) | 0.247 | 1.33 (0.79–2.26) | 0.283 |
| Illegal and offending behaviour | ||||||
| I llegal and offending behaviour by 18 (n = 2478) | ||||||
| PEs at 12 | 0.96 (0.66–1.41) | 0.839 | 0.90 (0.61–1.34) | 0.601 | 0.82 (0.56 (1.23) | 0.333 |
| Depression at 12 | 1.14 (0.69–1.89) | 0.610 | 1.28 (0.75–2.17) | 0.364 | 1.31 (0.77–2.24) | 0.318 |
aModel 1: unadjusted
bModel 2: adjusted for gender, social class, housing, maternal education, IQ at 8, total SDQ score at 8
cModel 3: as for Model 2, and additionally adjusted for either depression score at 12 (for analyses of PEs) or PE score at 12 (for analyses of depression)