Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for psychosocial outcomes between ages 18–20 in relation with the presence of psychotic experiences (PEs) and depression at age 18
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Education and employment | ||||||
| Did not obtain ≥ 3 A levels A*–C (n = 2131) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 1.93 (1.31–2.83) | 0.001 | 1.91 (1.25–2.93) | 0.003 | 1.63 (1.05–2.51) | 0.028 |
| Depression at 18 | 1.88 (1.46–2.42) | < 0.001 | 1.90 (1.44–2.51) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.38–2.44) | < 0.001 |
| NEET at 20 (n = 1861) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 2.38 (1.23–4.62) | 0.010 | 1.78 (0.89–3.55) | 0.105 | 1.57 (0.77–3.21) | 0.218 |
| Depression at 18 | 1.94 (1.17–3.24) | 0.011 | 1.57 (0.93–2.67) | 0.093 | 1.45 (0.85–2.49) | 0.176 |
| Social functioning | ||||||
| Friends dissatisfaction at 18 (n = 2419) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 1.89 (1.24–2.89) | 0.003 | 1.82 (1.18–2.79) | 0.006 | 1.08 (0.68–1.71) | 0.744 |
| Depression at 18 | 3.51 (2.64–4.66) | < 0.001 | 3.48 (2.60–4.66) | < 0.001 | 3.34 (2.49–4.49) | < 0.001 |
| Substance use | ||||||
| Harmful drinking at 18 (n = 2308) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 4.60 (2.70–7.82) | < 0.001 | 4.84 (2.81–8.36) | < 0.001 | 3.69 (2.08–6.55) | < 0.001 |
| Depression at 18 | 1.99 (1.20–3.28) | 0.007 | 2.05 (1.23–3.42) | 0.006 | 1.79 (1.05–3.06) | 0.031 |
| Problem cannabis use at 18 (n = 2475) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 5.68 (3.48–9.27) | < 0.001 | 5.79 (3.44–9.72) | < 0.001 | 3.64 (2.10–6.32) | < 0.001 |
| Depression at 18 | 3.81 (2.47–5.88) | < 0.001 | 4.24 (2.69–6.67) | < 0.001 | 3.55 (2.21–5.68) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking regularly at 18 (n = 2491) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 2.46 (1.73–3.50) | < 0.001 | 2.19 (1.53–3.15) | < 0.001 | 1.68 (1.16–2.45) | 0.006 |
| Depression at 18 | 2.44 (1.88–3.17) | < 0.001 | 2.28 (1.75–2.98) | < 0.001 | 2.19 (1.67–2.87) | < 0.001 |
| Used other drugs at 18 (n = 2475) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 3.06 (2.13–4.39) | < 0.001 | 3.41 (2.34–4.98) | < 0.001 | 2.56 (1.73–3.81) | < 0.001 |
| Depression at 18 | 2.02 (1.51–2.69) | < 0.001 | 2.33 (1.73–3.14) | < 0.001 | 2.05 (1.51–2.79) | < 0.001 |
| Illegal and offending behaviour | ||||||
| Illegal and offending behaviour by 18 (n = 2369) | ||||||
| PEs at 18 | 1.99 (1.35–2.93) | 0.001 | 2.19 (1.45–3.30) | < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.20–2.83) | 0.005 |
| Depression at 18 | 1.30 (0.96–1.75) | 0.089 | 1.43 (1.04–1.96) | 0.026 | 1.33 (0.96–1.84) | 0.083 |
aModel 1: unadjusted
bModel 2: adjusted for gender, social class, housing, maternal education, IQ at 8, total SDQ score at 8
cModel 3: as for Model 2, and additionally adjusted for either depression score at 18 (for analyses of PEs) or PE score at 18 (for analyses of depression)