Table 2. Physical and physiological data stratified by gender and age, in the control and gum trials.

	All (n=46)		Young group (n=20)				Middle-aged/elderly group (n=26)
			Male (n=10)		Female (n=10)		Male (n=12)		Female (n=14)
	Control	Gum	Control	Gum	Control	Gum	Control	Gum	Control	Gum
Walking distance (m/15 min)	1,409 ± 145	1,421 ± 152	1,448 ± 166	1,460 ± 161	1,384 ± 200	1,376 ± 185	1,438 ± 135	1,488 ± 135*	1,374 ± 82	1,369 ± 113
Walking speed (m/min)	93.9 ± 9.7	94.8 ± 10.1	96.5 ± 11.1	97.3 ± 10.8	92.3 ± 13.4	91.8 ± 12.3	95.8 ± 9.0	99.2 ± 9.0*	91.6 ± 5.5	91.3 ± 7.6
Steps (counts/min)	124 ± 7	125 ± 7	122 ± 10	121 ± 9	125 ± 7	127 ± 9	123 ± 5	125 ± 6*	126 ± 8	127 ± 6
Heart rate (beats/min)
Resting	74 ± 9	73 ± 9	70 ± 4	69 ± 5	75 ± 6	74 ± 6	76 ± 12	74 ± 11*	74 ± 10	76 ± 12
Walking	111 ± 14	114 ± 14*	107 ± 8	107 ± 8	115 ± 12	118 ± 14	107 ± 17	111 ± 18*	114 ± 15	119 ± 12*
Changes heart rate	37 ± 10	41 ± 10*	37 ± 7	38 ± 5	39 ± 13	44 ± 16*	30 ± 9	37 ± 10*	40 ± 8	43 ± 8
Energy expenditure (kcal/15 min)	63.8 ± 10.9	64.2 ± 11.2	69.2 ± 9.4	69.6 ± 8.6	58.6 ± 10.0	58.4 ± 10.1	69.6 ± 11.3	71.3 ± 11.5*	58.6 ± 8.2	58.3 ± 8.0

All values are given as the mean ± SD. *p<0.05, control trial vs. gum trial.