Table 4.
Inflammatory Gene Expression in SHIVnef Compared to SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques
| Gene | Gene symbol | Fold change in SHIVnef infection | Cellular function/pathway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 subunit | IL-12RB1 | −6.7 | JAK-STAT signaling pathway |
| CD40 ligand | CD40L | −6.4 | Immunoglobulin class switch, adaptive immunity |
| TNF (ligand) superfamily, member 14 | TNFSD14 | −5.7 | NF-kB signaling pathway |
| Lymphotoxin alpha | LTA | −4.8 | Inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antiviral responses, apoptosis |
| Chemokine (C-C) ligand 17 | CCL17 | −4.5 | Antimicrobial, trafficking, and activation of mature T cells |
| Interleukin 3 | IL-3 | −4.3 | Cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis |
| Interleukin 1 receptor type 1 | IL1R1 | −4.1 | Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, MAPK signaling pathway |
| Fractalkine | CX3CL1 | −4.0 | T lymphocyte and monocyte chemoattractor |
| Interleukin 13 receptor subunit alpha-2-like | LOC708339 (Mmu) | −3.4 | JAK-STAT signaling pathway |
| Interleukin 13 | IL-13 | −3.3 | B cell maturation and differentiation |
| Osteoprotegerin | TNFRSF11B | −3.0 | Blocks the binding of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) |
| CD70 | CD70 | −3.0 | TNF ligand family, regulates B cell activation |
| Fas ligand | FasL | −2.8 | TNF superfamily, apoptosis |
| Interleukin 6 | IL-6 | 2.8 | Multifunctional cytokine, inflammatory response |
| Chemokine (C-C) receptor 8 | CCR8 | 2.9 | G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway |
| Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant | CXCL11 | 3.0 | Chemotactic for activated T cells, CXCR3 signaling pathway |
| TNF (ligand) superfamily, member 13b | TNFSF13B | 3.0 | NF-kB signaling pathway |
| Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 | CCL2 | 3.7 | Recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein 3a | CCL20 | 3.8 | Strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes |
| Monocyte chemotactic protein 3-like | LOC714751 (Mmu) | 4.1 | Attracts macrophages during inflammation |
| Interleukin 1 receptor, type 2 | IL-1R2 | 5.0 | MAPK signaling pathway |
| Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 | CCL23 | 11.6 | Highly chemotactic for resting T cells and monocytes |
Lung RNA samples were amplified using the PCR targeted array for Rhesus Macaque Inflammatory Cytokines & Receptors (SABiosciences) in a BioRad iCycler iQ, as per manufacturer protocols. The housekeeping genes beta-2-microglobulin and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-like were used for normalization. Gene expression was determined via the ΔΔCt method; fold changes were calculated based on difference in gene expression between six SHIVnef- and two SIVmac239-infected macaques. Statistical analyses were not performed given the small sample size in the SIV group. Only the genes with altered expression of genes at fold change cutoff of ±2.7 are shown. Mmu, Macaca mulatta.