Table 1.
Demographic and Polysomnographic Findings among Children with OSA with and without Cognitive Deficits and Control Subjects
| OSA–NC+ (n = 12) | OSA–NC− (n = 12) | CO (n = 6) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 1.7 |
| Sex, male, % | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
| Ethnicity, African American, % | 66.7 | 66.7 | 66.7 |
| Body mass index z-score | 1.04 ± 0.26 | 1.06 ± 0.25 | 1.02 ± 0.29 |
| Total sleep duration, min | 478.8 ± 67.1 | 474.2 ± 66.3 | 473.2 ± 75.1 |
| Stage 1, % | 7.0 ± 3.8 | 7.2 ± 4.1 | 4.8 ± 3.7 |
| Stage 2, % | 40.1 ± 8.8 | 38.6 ± 8.9 | 35.4 ± 9.5 |
| Stage 3, % | 35.5 ± 12.8 | 37.1 ± 11.4 | 41.6 ± 14.2 |
| REM sleep, % | 18.2 ± 8.1 | 17.9 ± 9.5 | 20.2 ± 10.2 |
| Sleep latency, min | 22.4 ± 15.6 | 20.7 ± 13.9 | 24.6 ± 15.2 |
| REM latency, min | 117.7 ± 49.5 | 119.5 ± 52.4 | 118.7 ± 67.4 |
| Total arousal index, events/h of TST | 22.8 ± 11.4 | 20.9 ± 10.3 | 12.5 ± 8.6* |
| Respiratory arousal index, events/h of TST | 7.9 ± 4.2 | 8.2 ± 4.7 | 0.4 ± 0.2* |
| Obstructive apnea–hypopnea index, events/h of TST | 19.9 ± 7.1 | 19.4 ± 6.9 | 0.5 ± 0.3* |
| SpO2 nadir, % | 80.3 ± 8.6 | 82.1 ± 9.0 | 94.1 ± 1.3* |
| ODI3% | 18.4 ± 7.7 | 19.0 ± 8.4 | 0.4 ± 0.2* |
| NEPSY cognitive test battery | |||
| Design copying | 9.07 ± 3.89 (2) | 9.69 ± 3.97 (0) | 9.88 ± 4.22 |
| Phonological processing | 8.26 ± 3.75 (8) | 9.16 ± 3.94 (2) | 9.66 ± 4.17 |
| Tower | 9.48 ± 3.92 (7) | 11.01 ± 3.76 (0) | 11.16 ± 4.56 |
| Speed naming | 8.44 ± 3.65 (8) | 9.22 ± 3.83 (1) | 9.96 ± 4.58 |
| Arrows | 8.37 ± 3.87 (5) | 10.22 ± 3.67 (0) | 11.66 ± 3.84 |
| Visual attention | 10.16 ± 3.53 (1) | 10.47 ± 3.89 (0) | 10.76 ± 3.87 |
| Comprehension | 9.43 ± 3.78 (3) | 10.72 ± 3.66 (0) | 10.96 ± 4.04 |
| Differential Ability Scales | |||
| Verbal | 92.18 ± 14.88 (9) | 97.88 ± 15.61 (1) | 100.25 ± 17.37 |
| Nonverbal | 95.63 ± 12.88 (5) | 100.08 ± 15.12 (1) | 103.55 ± 17.31 |
| Global | 93.91 ± 11.93 (8) | 99.23 ± 15.32 (1) | 102.82 ± 16.14 |
Definition of abbreviations: CO = control subjects; NC+ = with neurocognitive deficits; NC− = without neurocognitive deficits; NEPSY = Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment; ODI3% = oxyhemoglobin desaturation index 3%; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; SpO2 = oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry; TST = total sleep time.
All data are expressed as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. For NEPSY cognitive tests and Differential Ability Scales, the number of children who had test performance at least 1 SD below the mean is shown in parentheses.
*
OSA versus CO (P < 0.001).