Table 4.
Associations between dietary patterns by quartile (Q) and lung cancer risk by smoking status
| Dietary pattern | Never smokers | Smokers | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/controls | Adjusted OR*(95% CI) | Cases/controls | Adjusted OR*(95% CI) | |
| High quality protein | ||||
| Q1(low) | 104/172 | 1 | 173/122 | 1 |
| Q2 | 102/177 | 1.085 (0.753–1.563) | 189/119 | 1.226 (0.865–1.737) |
| Q3 | 108/169 | 1.244 (0.864–1.790) | 184/126 | 1.151 (0.813–1.631) |
| Q4(high) | 113/173 | 1.397 (0.972–2.008) | 193/121 | 1.310 (0.924–1.857) |
| P for trend | 0.053 | 0.187 | ||
| Fruits and vegetables | ||||
| Q1(low) | 239/154 | 1 | 364/140 | 1 |
| Q2 | 88/165 | 0.365 (0.258–0.517) | 173/130 | 0.529 (0.383–0.730) |
| Q3 | 53/184 | 0.180 (0.121–0.266) | 123/112 | 0.410 (0.289–0.580) |
| Q4(high) | 47/188 | 0.159 (0.106–0.239) | 79/106 | 0.270 (0.184–0.395) |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Cereals/wheat and meat | ||||
| Q1(low) | 85/189 | 1 | 208/105 | 1 |
| Q2 | 82/167 | 1.136 (0.774–1.666) | 229/128 | 0.827 (0.588–1.164) |
| Q3 | 120/168 | 1.351 (0.935–1.951) | 161/128 | 0.556 (0.392–0.794) |
| Q4(high) | 137/167 | 1.517 (1.053–2.184) | 141/127 | 0.463 (0.322–0.666) |
| P for trend | 0.016 | < 0.001 | ||
| Frugal pattern | ||||
| Q1(low) | 117/163 | 1 | 147/131 | 1 |
| Q2 | 94/176 | 0.661 (0.458–0.956) | 161/120 | 1.142 (0.799–1.633) |
| Q3 | 90/177 | 0.620(0.428–0.898) | 182/118 | 1.278 (0.895–1.824) |
| Q4(high) | 126/175 | 0.865 (0.607–1.232) | 249/119 | 1.713 (1.215–2.416) |
| P for trend | 0.436 | 0.002 | ||
*adjusted by incomes, occupation, education, family history of lung cancer, history of lung diseases, ETS and BMI