Table 2.
Pain perception, disability and HRQoL changes during follow-up
| Domains and indexes | Baseline | ∆ 6 m–0 m* | ∆ 12 m–6 m* | ∆ 18 m–12 m* | ∆ 24 m–18 m* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NRS | maximum score (mean ± SD) | 9.2(±0.1) | -2.5c | 0.3 | −0.3 | 0.0 |
| mean score (mean ± SD) | 7.5(±0.2) | −2.6c | 0.2 | −0.4 | 0.3 | |
| ODI | Pain intensity, (levels 4–5) | 37.5% | −24.8c | 2.5 | −2.4 | 1.3 |
| Personal care, (levels 4–5) | 25.6% | −15.5a | 2.5 | −1.1 | − 1.3 | |
| lifting, (levels 4–5) | 69.6% | −5.1 | −1.3 | 14.8a | − 5.1 | |
| ability to walk, (levels 4–5) | 32.5% | − 3.4 | − 12.7 b | 4.1 | 1.3 | |
| ability to sit, (levels 4–5) | 25.3% | −8.9 | −6.3 | 0.1 | 2.6 | |
| ability to stand, (levels 4–5) | 46.8% | −17.7a | − 1.3 | 6.8 | 3.8 | |
| sleep quality, (levels 4–5) | 21.3% | −8.6a | − 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.0 | |
| sexual function, (levels 4–5) | 49.3% | −10.1 | −6.8 | − 0.9 | 0.0 | |
| social life, (levels 4–5) | 57.5% | −27.1c | −2.5 | −4.8 | −1.3 | |
| ability to travel, (levels 4–5) | 60.0% | −25.8c | −1.3 | − 0.9 | 2.6 | |
| total score (mean ± SD) | 61.6 (±15.0) | −16.0c | − 0.1 | −2.5 | − 0.6 | |
| SF-36 | physical functioning (mean ± SD) | 23.2 (±15.8) | 14.3c | 0.4 | −0.5 | −2.6a |
| role-physical (mean ± SD) | 22.4 (±33.1) | 11.4a | 1.1 | −1.1 | −4.3 | |
| bodily pain (mean ± SD) | 21.2 (±14.1) | 21.4c | −0.6 | 0.0 | −0.6 | |
| social functioning (mean ± SD) | 31.3 (±18.8) | 18.2c | −1.4 | 2.4 | −1.9 | |
| role-emotional (mean ± SD) | 29.4 (±36.5) | 14.8a | − 2.7 | 6.1 | − 4.7 | |
| mental health (mean ± SD) | 42.8 (±19.8) | 8.0b | −1.0 | 2.7 | −3.4a | |
| energy/vitality (mean ± SD) | 30.5 (±17.5) | 10.8c | −2.7 | 1.8 | −0.5 | |
| general health (mean ± SD) | 33.2 (±13.3) | 3.8a | 0.4 | 1.3 | − 2.0 | |
| PCS (mean ± SD) | 26.7 (±6.2) | 5.8c | 0.3 | −0.7 | −0.6 | |
| MCS (mean ± SD) | 35.8 (±9.9) | 4.9b | −1.3 | 2.2 | −1.4 | |
| EQ-5D | Mobility, (extreme problems) | 16.3% | −5.0 | −2.5 | −1.3 | 0.0 |
| Self-care, (extreme problems) | 10.0% | −3.8 | 1.3 | −3.8 | 0.0 | |
| Usual activities, (extreme problems) | 41.3% | −20.0b | 2.5 | −3.8 | 1.3 | |
| Pain/Discomfort, (extreme problems) | 65.0% | −37.5c | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | |
| Anxiety/Depression, (extreme problems) | 25.0% | −1.3 | −3.8 | −2.5 | 0.0 | |
| Utility index (mean ± SD) | 0.421 ± 0.303 | 0.174c | 0.021 | 0.025 | −0.011 | |
| VAS (mean ± SD) | 37.4 ± 2.4 | 18.6c | −1.0 | 3.3 | −0.9 | |
ap < 0.05, bp < 0.01, cp < 0.001. P-values were corrected with Bonferroni’s method
*On NRS, ODI and EQ-5D profile domains, a negative change (∆) indicates improvement, a positive change indicates worsening, on SF-36 single and summary domains, on the EQ-5D utility index and VAS a positive change (∆) indicates improvement, a negative change indicates worsening