Table 3. Adjusted mixed-effects model results for pack perceptions.
| Independent variables | Flavor | Taste | Smell | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Models with only main effectsa | ||||
| Flavor descriptor | ||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Flavor descriptor | 0.36 (0.03)f | 0.21 (0.03)f | 0.14 (0.03)f | 0.06 (0.04) |
| Color | ||||
| No color | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Pink or purple | 0.11 (0.03)f | 0.17 (0.03)f | 0.15 (0.03)f | 0.16 (0.04)f |
| Type | ||||
| Box 5-pack | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Foil 2-pack | 0.05 (0.02) | -0.02 (0.03) | 0.003 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.03)f |
| Branding | ||||
| No branding | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Branded | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.002 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) |
| Warning | ||||
| No warning | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Text-only | -0.04 (0.03) | -0.06 (0.03) | -0.08 (0.03)d | -0.03 (0.04) |
| Pictorial | -0.02 (0.03) | -0.07 (0.03)d | -0.09 (0.03)e | -0.01 (0.04) |
| LCC useb | ||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Ever | 0.14 (0.04)f | 0.09 (0.04)d | 0.18 (0.05)f | 0.06 (0.06) |
| Current | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.06)d | 0.20 (0.08)d |
| Models including interaction effectsc | ||||
| LCC use x Flavor descriptor | ||||
| Current user x Flavor descriptor | -0.22 (0.07)e | -0.22 (0.08)e | -0.13 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.10)d |
| Ever user x Flavor descriptor | -0.08 (0.08) | -0.17 (0.08)d | -0.08 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.11) |
| LCC use x Color | ||||
| Current user x Pink or purple pack | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.08) |
| Ever user x Pink or purple pack | -0.09 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.07) | -0.02 (0.07) | -0.10 (0.09) |
| Warning x Flavor descriptor | ||||
| Text x Flavor descriptor | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.10) |
| Graphic x Flavor descriptor | -0.03 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.10) |
| Warning x Color | ||||
| Text x Pink or purple pack | 0.03 (0.06) | -0.02 (0.07) | -0.06 (0.07) | -0.01 (0.09) |
| Graphic x Pink or purple pack | 0.03 (0.06) | -0.05 (0.07) | -0.08 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.09) |
aMain effects models include pack element variables and LCC use, adjusted for age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, pre-existing perceptions of LCCs, and past 30-day use of tobacco products other than LCCs
bPairwise contrasts were conducted between ever LCC users and current LCC users; after adjustment for multiple comparisons using the Tukey method, no significant differences were found between ever and current users for any of the four outcomes
cInteractions were estimated in separate models that included all variables shown in the table, adjusted for age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, pre-existing perceptions of LCCs, and past 30-day use of tobacco products other than LCCs (all coefficients not shown)
dp < .05
ep < .01
fp < .001