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. 2018 Jan 29;73(5):1359–1367. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkx525

Table 1.

Study characteristics for children with urinary E. coli resistant to at least one antibiotic

Variable All E. coli isolates (n = 353) Pathogensa (n = 41) Contaminantsb (n = 312) P valuec
Demographics
 Mean age, months (SD) 22.17 (14.91) 34.32 (15.38) 20.58 (14.12) <0.001
 Gender
  male 32.58 12.20 35.26 0.003
  female 67.42 87.80 64.74 0.003
 Ethnicity
  white 84.70 85.37 84.62
  non-white 13.31 14.63 13.14
  not given 1.99 0 2.24 0.612
 Deprivation
  1 (least deprived) 21.25 17.07 21.79
  2 19.26 19.51 19.23
  3 19.83 29.27 18.59
  4 16.43 19.51 16.03
  5 (most deprived) 23.23 14.64 24.36 0.378
Urine culture and previous antibiotic exposure
 Method of urine collection
  clean-catch 34.66 70.73 29.59
  otherd 65.01 29.27 70.19
  not reported 0.33 0 0.22 <0.001
 Any antibiotic prescription in 12 months prior to urine sample?e
  yes 39.66 43.90 39.10
  no 43.91 43.90 39.10
  missing 16.43 43.90 43.91 0.744
 Number of antibiotic courses prescribed in 12 months prior to urine sample?e
  0 52.50 50.01 52.88
  1 25.78 25.03 25.96
  2 12.46 13.86 12.40
  3 3.43 2.78 3.53
  ≥4 5.83 8.32 5.23
  missing 16.40 12.22 17.04 0.959
 Time of antibiotic prescription (prior to sampling)e,f
  never prescribed 52.51 50.00 52.91
  0–3 months 18.74 17.12 18.87
  3–6 months 14.42 12.19 14.72
  6–9 months 11.88 14.63 11.51
  9–12 months 12.25 26.84 10.36
  missing 16.43 12.20 17.02 0.282

Values are percentages unless otherwise indicated.

a

Includes all E. coli isolates cultured at ≥105 cfu/mL, as either pure or the predominant growth (where urine contains more than one organism and growth of the second organism is 3 log10 lower than the predominant organism).

b

Includes all E. coli isolates cultured between 103 and 105 cfu/mL as pure or mixed growth.

c

All P values reported from univariate analyses or t-test (for age) comparing pathogens and contaminants; missing data were not included.

d

Includes nappy pad (n = 221) and bag (n = 9) urine collection.

e

Total number of children with previous antibiotic prescription data collected was 694.

f

Data may not add up to 100%, as children prescribed multiple antibiotic courses within different time periods will appear more than once, thus this represents the proportion of the total number of courses of antibiotics prescribed within each time period prior to urine sampling.