Table 1.
Dietary Modulation of the Urine Metabolome
| Sample | Metabolites Identified by Platform
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GC-MS | LC-MS | NMR | Other* | |
|
| ||||
| Urine | Hippurate | Trimethylamine-N-oxide | Proline | Niacin |
| 4-hydroxphenylacetic acid | Phenylalanine | Betaine | Proline | |
| Tartrate | Histidine | 4- hydroxyhippurate | Betaine | |
| Ethanol | Citrate | Fumarate | Hesperidin | |
| Mannitol | Acetaminophen | Lactate | Narirutin | |
| 3-methyl-oxovalerate | Acetate | Glucose | ||
| Nitrogen | Choline | Glycine | ||
| Creatinine | Phenylacetylglutamine | Methylamine | ||
| Succinate | Taurine | Phenylacetylglycine | ||
| Putrescine | Methionine | Formate | ||
| Threonine | Urocanate | Branched Chain Amino Acids | ||
| 3-hydroxyisovalerate | Sucrose | P-cresolsulfate | ||
| Arginine | Cis-aconitate | Trigonelline | ||
| Acetone | Methylhistidine | Theobromine | ||
| N (1) -methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxylamide (PYR) | Dimethylsulfone | Caffeine | ||
| Tyrosine | Prolinebetaine | |||
| Ascorbate derivatives | Hydroxynicotnic acid | Hesperidin | ||
| 4-cresylsulfate | Urolithin B glucuronide | Narirutin | ||
| S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide | Urolithin A | β-aminoisobutyrate | ||
| Urolithin B | Oxodecanoic acid | |||
| 2-oxoglutarate | Acylcarnitines | |||
| Fumarate | Creatinine | |||
| Hippurate | Trimethylamine-N-oxide | |||
| Lactate | Hippurate | |||
| Creatinine | Phemylacetylglutamine | |||
| Succinate | Acetone | |||
|
| ||||
| References | [59, 60] | [9, 59, 61, 62] | [11, 14, 17, 22, 24, 63–66] | [67–69] |
*
Other Platforms used in Identifying Metabolites: ICP-OES: Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy, DAD-MS/MS: Diode Array Detector Mass Spectrometry, FIEI-MS: Flow Injection Electrospray-ionisation.