Table 1.
Exposure | Risk association | Further research needed |
---|---|---|
Endogenous hormones | ||
Early age at menarche (<10) | ||
Early age at menopause/BSO* (<45 years) | ||
Reproductive lifespan | ? | Yes |
Low DHEAS** | ||
Estradiol | ? | Yes |
Testosterone | ||
Exogenous hormones | ||
PMH***: Oral estrogens | ||
PMH***: Transdermal estrogens | ? | Yes |
Combined oral contraceptives | ||
Progestogen only contraceptives | Yes | |
Transgender exogenous estrogens | Yes | |
Transgender exogenous testosterones | Yes | |
Pregnancy related exposures | ||
Pregnancy/ Peripartuition | ||
Gestational diabetes | ||
Hypertension in pregnancy/ pre-eclampsia | Yes |
BSO = bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
DHEAS = dehydroepiandrosterone
PMH = Postmenopausal hormones