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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Stroke. 2018 Feb 8;49(3):518–523. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018415

Table 1.

Summary of female-specific stroke risk factors

Exposure Risk association Further research needed
Endogenous hormones
 Early age at menarche (<10) graphic file with name nihms932216ig1.jpg
 Early age at menopause/BSO* (<45 years) graphic file with name nihms932216ig2.jpg
 Reproductive lifespan ? Yes
 Low DHEAS** graphic file with name nihms932216ig3.jpg
 Estradiol ? Yes
 Testosterone graphic file with name nihms932216ig4.jpg
Exogenous hormones
 PMH***: Oral estrogens graphic file with name nihms932216ig5.jpg
 PMH***: Transdermal estrogens ? Yes
 Combined oral contraceptives graphic file with name nihms932216ig6.jpg
 Progestogen only contraceptives graphic file with name nihms932216ig7.jpg Yes
 Transgender exogenous estrogens graphic file with name nihms932216ig8.jpg Yes
 Transgender exogenous testosterones graphic file with name nihms932216ig9.jpg Yes
Pregnancy related exposures
 Pregnancy/ Peripartuition graphic file with name nihms932216ig10.jpg
 Gestational diabetes graphic file with name nihms932216ig11.jpg
 Hypertension in pregnancy/ pre-eclampsia graphic file with name nihms932216ig12.jpg Yes
*

BSO = bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

**

DHEAS = dehydroepiandrosterone

***

PMH = Postmenopausal hormones