Table 3.

Studies investigating the impact of red wine consumption on the risk of PCa

No.	Study	Year	Country	Study type	No. of pts	Age (years)	Variables	RRs Red wine and risk of PCa	Dose	Follow-up (years)
1	Schuurman et al16	1999	the Netherlands	Case– cohort	58,279/680 PCa	55–69	Age, socioeconomic status, family history of PCa	1.0 (0.7–1.3)	0.1–4 g/day	6.3
2	Schoonen et al22	2005	King County, WA, USA	Case– control	703/753 PCa	40–64	Age, PSA screening, total lifetime number of female sexual partners, smoking status, and consumption of other types of alcohol	0.45 (0.23–0.85)	≥8 drinks/week	–
3	Velicer et al23	2006	Washington, USA	Case– cohort	34,565/816 PCa	50–76	Age, PSA, other types of alcohol consumed	0.98 (0.72–1.33)	5 drinks/week to <2/day	4
4	Sutcliffe et al25	2007	USA	Case– cohort	45,433/3,348 PCa	40–75	Age, race/ethnicity, BMI, cumulative family history of PCa, height, cigarette smoking in the past 10 years, baseline intakes of total energy, tomato sauce, red meat, fish, calcium and vitamin E, baseline energy- adjusted intakes of fructose and a-linolenic acid, physical activity and updated diabetes mellitus type 2 and vasectomy status, and all other specific alcoholic beverage types	0.79 (0.64–0.97)	2–4 drinks/week	16
5	Chao et al28	2010	California, USA	Case– cohort	84,170/1,340 PCa	45–69	Age, race/ethnicity, income, BMI, intake of other alcoholic beverage, meat consumption, family history of PCa, person history of PSA testing, STI, BPH, BPH surgery, prostatitis, and diabetes mellitus	0.88 (0.70–1.12)	>1 drink/day	5

Abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; pts, patients; RRs, risk ratios; BMI, body mass index; PSA, prostate specific antigen; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; STIs, sexually transmitted infections.