Table 1.
Summary statistics: Baseline results
| a. Dependent Variables: Health symptoms of children under 5 years (N=694) | |||
|
| |||
| HAP-related | % | ||
| Respiratory infection | 12.25 | ||
| Illness with cough | 36.17 | ||
| Difficulty breathing | 20.17 | ||
| Dry eyes | 14.41 | ||
| Other | |||
| Illness with fever | 29.11 | ||
|
| |||
| b. Independent Variables | |||
|
| |||
| Mean | SD | N | |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Per capita monthly total expenditures (in RWF) [1RWF=0.0012 USD] | 56,550.80 | 40,584.28 | 529 |
| Household size (mean) | 5.94 | 2.6 | 529 |
| Most used stove for cooking in the past 30 days (%) | |||
| Traditional 3 stone (open fire) | 2.84 | 529 | |
| Portable charcoal stove | 73.16 | 529 | |
| Fixed charcoal stove | 21.17 | 529 | |
| Improved stove (Electric stove, gas cooker, biogas) | 2.83 | 529 | |
| Per capita weekly charcoal use (in kgs) | 2.97 | 2.39 | 529 |
| Main respondent characteristics | |||
| Age (in years) | 33.56 | 10.57 | 529 |
| Female (%) | 88.66 | 529 | |
| Education level (%) | |||
| No education | 6.05 | 529 | |
| Pre-primary or primary | 19.28 | 529 | |
| Secondary | 42.16 | 529 | |
| University | 32.51 | 529 | |
| Awareness that smoke from burning biomass is harmful to human health (%) | 61.06 | 529 | |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Age (in months) | 27.18 | 16.28 | 694 |
| Female (%) | 49.42 | 694 | |
| Availability of health card for child (%) | 91.93 | 694 | |
| Housing structure | |||
| Dwelling type (%) | |||
| Single house | 15.31 | 529 | |
| Multiple house | 5.67 | 529 | |
| Group of multiple enclosed dwellings | 57.66 | 529 | |
| Group of single enclosed dwellings | 21.36 | 529 | |
| Cooking location (%) | |||
| Fully outdoors | 12.67 | 529 | |
| Partially outdoors | 10.78 | 529 | |
| Kitchen structure outside dwelling | 55.2 | ||
| Cooking inside dwelling | 21.36 | 529 | |
| Cooking area structure | |||
| Main material used in floors of cooking area (%) | |||
| Beaten earth | 17.96 | 529 | |
| Clay tiles, bricks and other materials | 40.45 | 529 | |
| Cement | 41.59 | 529 | |
| Kitchen roof presence (%) | 70.34 | 462 | |
| Gap between walls and ceiling (%) | 18.83 | 462 | |
| Number of windows (mean) | 0.66 | 0.66 | 462 |
| Ventilation holes (%) | 42.6 | 462 | |
| Presence of active chimney to remove smoke (%) | 4.3 | 462 | |
| Household environmental exposure | |||
| Nearest distance to any road (in meters) | 8.83 | 8.09 | 529 |
| Nearest distance to paved road (in meters) | 11.48 | 12.65 | 529 |
| Nearest distance to unpaved road (in meters) | 11.92 | 13.47 | 529 |
| Adjacent tree cover (in %) | 7.33 | 2.23 | 529 |
| Primary caregiver* exposure concentration | |||
| Daily average CO concentration (in ppm) | 6.77 | 9.42 | 282 |
*
These are unique primary caregivers of children under 5, who are also primary cooks in the household.