Table 3.
Fathers’ Economic Characteristics as Predictors of Fathers’ Involvement, by Fathers’ Residential Status: Random and Fixed Effects Models
Random effects
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Fixed effects
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Resident
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Nonresident
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Resident
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Nonresident
|
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Variable | β | SE | β | SE | Diff. by res. status | β | SE | β | SE | Diff. by res. status | ||||
A. Spent 1+ hours (mother’s report, range: 1–5) | ||||||||||||||
Annual earnings ($, in 2008)a | −.0023 | .002 | .0364 | *** | .010 | *** | −.0011 | .002 | .0282 | .015 | ** | |||
Average weekly hours worked (10 hours) | −.0149 | *** | .005 | .0182 | .010 | ** | −.0150 | * | .006 | .0029 | .014 | * | ||
Annualized child support payment ($; in 2008)b | .0055 | *** | .001 | .0050 | *** | .001 | ||||||||
B. Engagement (mother’s report, range: 0–7) | ||||||||||||||
Annual earnings ($, in 2008)a | −.0316 | *** | .007 | .0093 | .012 | ** | −.0238 | ** | .007 | −.0035 | .018 | * | ||
Average weekly hours worked (10 hours) | −.0648 | *** | .011 | −.0204 | .012 | ** | −.0517 | *** | .014 | −.0401 | * | .018 | ||
Annualized child support payment ($, in 2008)b | .0038 | *** | .001 | .0056 | *** | .002 | ||||||||
C. Responsibility (mother’s report, range: 1–4) | ||||||||||||||
Annual earnings ($, in 2008)b | −.0060 | ** | .002 | .0129 | .007 | * | −.0039 | .002 | .0146 | .010 | ||||
Average weekly hours worked (10 hours) | −.0169 | *** | .004 | .0061 | .007 | ** | −.0136 | ** | .005 | .0059 | .009 | |||
Annualized child support payment ($, in 2008)b | .0038 | *** | .001 | .0041 | *** | .001 | ||||||||
D. Father involvement composite (mother’s report) | ||||||||||||||
Annual earnings ($, in 2008)a | −.0096 | *** | .002 | .0119 | .007 | ** | −.0075 | ** | .002 | .0072 | .009 | * | ||
Average weekly hours worked (10 hours) | −.0231 | *** | .004 | −.0005 | .006 | ** | −.0190 | *** | .004 | −.0071 | .008 | |||
Annualized child support payment ($, in 2008)b | .0031 | *** | .001 | .0035 | *** | .001 | ||||||||
E. Days spent with child past month (mother’s report, range: 0–30) | ||||||||||||||
Annual earnings ($, in 2008)a | .2130 | ** | .075 | .3046 | ** | .107 | ||||||||
Average weekly hours worked (10 hours) | .0625 | .074 | .0622 | .101 | ||||||||||
Annualized child support payment ($, in 2008)b | .0296 | *** | .006 | .0350 | *** | .009 | ||||||||
Number of observations | 7,167 | 3,888 | 7,167 | 3,888 | ||||||||||
Number of unique cases | 2,854 | 1,989 | 2,854 | 1,989 |