Fig 1. Combined intervention by swimming plus metformin most effectively normalized fetal growth restriction and hyperglycemia caused by GDM.

(A) Fetal body weights in different groups with/without interventions. (B) Fetal crown-rump lengths in different groups with/without interventions. (C) Placental weights in different groups with/without interventions. (D) Maternal glucose concentrations from GD0 to GD18 in different groups with/without interventions. The blood glucose values among different groups in this study are compared in GD18. The values represent the mean ± SEM, n = 10/group. The columns with different letter (a, b, c, d) are significantly different, P<0.05 (ANOVA, SNK). NC: normal control group, DC: GDM control group, DS: GDM treated with swimming group, DM: GDM treated with metformin group, DSM: GDM treated with swimming plus metformin group.