Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Groups | High performance (HP) | Low performance (LP) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 15 | 12 | ||
| Sex (M:F) | 4:11 | 5:7 | ||
| Age | 70.9 | 73.9 | ||
| Education | 16.5 | 16.8 | ||
|
| ||||
| Variables | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM |
|
| ||||
| Digit span forward | 10.2 | 0.5 | 10.0 | 0.5 |
| Digit span backward | 6.8 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 0.6 |
| Letter-number sequencing | 18.9 | 0.7 | 19.0 | 0.5 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
| Mini-Mental State Exam | 28.9 | 0.3 | 28.9 | 0.3 |
| RAVLT immediate recalla | 12.9 | 0.5 | 8.7 | 0.9 |
| RAVLT-delayed recalla | 13.1 | 0.4 | 7.5 | 0.7 |
| RAVLT recognition recalla | 14.5 | 0.3 | 13.1 | 0.6 |
| Trail Making Test A | 28.4 | 1.5 | 31.4 | 1.8 |
| Trail Making Test Ba | 61.6 | 4.2 | 89.1 | 10.3 |
| Stroop test (Word-Color)a | 36.5 | 2.1 | 28.3 | 2.3 |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory | 3.8 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 1.2 |
| Beck Depression Inventory-II | 2.9 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 1.2 |
| Hours of sleep (night before) | 8.0 | 0.4 | 7.9 | 0.3 |
| Level of stress (past month) | 2.7 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.3 |
Key: RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; SEM, standard error of the mean.
a
Significantly different between groups; RAVLT immediate recall (t[25] = –4.2, p < 0.001), RAVLT-delayed recall (t[25] = –7.7, p < 0.001), RAVLT recognition (t[25] = –2.2, p= 0.04), Trail Making Test B (t[25] = 2.7, p = 0.01), Stroop test (Word-Color; t[25] = –2.6, p= 0.02).