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. 2018 Mar 2;67(5):911–922. doi: 10.2337/db17-0850

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Postnatal emergence of circadian expression patterns of BMAL1 and PER1 in rat and human pancreatic islets. A: Normalized Bmal1 and Per1 mRNA expression obtained from whole islet lysates of immature (2–5 days old) and mature (30 days old) rat pups collected during ZT 4 (1000 h), 8 (1400 h), 16 (2200 h), and 20 (0200 h). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 3–5) fold change with immature pups at ZT 4 set as 1. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Sidak multiple comparisons test to assess effects of time and age (GraphPad Prism, version 6.0). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. B: Representative examples of pancreatic islets stained by immunofluorescence for BMAL1 or PER1 (red), insulin (green), and glucagon (white) and counterstained with nuclear marker DAPI (blue) imaged at ×63 (BMAL1 [scale bars, 10 µm]) and ×43 (PER1 [scale bars, 20 µm]) magnification, respectively, in immature (2–5 days old) and mature (30 days old) rat pups collected during day (light cycle) (ZT 4 and 8) and night (dark cycle) (ZT 16 and 20) (representative of n = 3 per time point). C: Representative examples of human pancreatic islets stained by immunofluorescence for BMAL1 or PER1 (red), insulin (green), and glucagon (white) and counterstained with nuclear marker DAPI (blue) imaged at ×20 magnification (scale bars, 50 µm) in fetal (31 weeks’ gestation), neonatal (1 day old), and adult (74 years old) islets (all without diabetes).